Izinsimbi elixutshiwe: incazelo kanye nezici isicelo uhlu

Ukuthuthukiswa kufaniswa ukuphelela. Okuthuthukisiwe amathuba kokusetshenziswa ezimbonini yasendlini ngokusebenzisa izinto ezinezici ezithuthukayo. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi doped metal. ngokwehlukahlukana kwabo kunqunywa ukulungiswa amakhono ukwakheka ambalwa futhi qualitative izici alloying.

Yemvelo-ingxubevange steel

Okokuqala yensimbi wakhe oncibilikisiwe, okuyinto has izakhiwo ezahlukene kusukela izihlobo, kuyimvelo-doped. I smelted nezakudala meteorite yensimbi abenokuqukethwe anda amanani nickel. Litholakala Emathuneni asendulo aseGibhithe, 4-5 zeminyaka BC. e., zakhiwe okufanayo izakhiwo lesikhumbuzo Qutab Minar e Delhi (V c). Japanese damask izinkemba ezensimbi, molybdenum ayegcwele kanye eDamaseku steel iqukethe tungsten ejwayelekile ngesivinini yesimanje. Lawa kwakungamadodana izinsimbi, itshe-nsimbi okuyinto sasithathwa ezindaweni ezithile.

Alloys zokukhiqiza yesimanje ingaqukatha izingxenye engokwemvelo metallic futhi imvelaphi nonmetallic, okuyinto ziyabonakala e izici zabo nezindawo.

indlela zomlando

Isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa doping yasungulwa ukulungisiswa Ngobhojwana NgamaFascist ukuncibilika indlela steel eYurophu ekhulwini XVIII. Kunguqulo bakudala ngaphezulu crucibles ukusetshenziswa endulo, kuhlanganise i-sokuncibilikisa eDamaseku neDamaseku steel. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, ubuchwepheshe ibilokhu ngcono ngezinga zezimboni, futhi bavunyelwe ukuba ulungise Ukwakheka kanye nekhwalithi starting impahla.

• Ukuvulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ezingasho izakhi ezintsha kumakhemikhali, kwaphoqa abacwaningi zokuhlola sokuncibilikisa ucwaningo.
• ithonya elibi sethusi izinga steel.
• Vula zethusi equkethe 6% yensimbi.

Ukuhlolwa olwenziwa ngokwemibandela ithonya ambalwa kanye qualitative phezu steel ingxubevange of tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, ayibe, i-chromium, i-platinum, nickel, aluminium, kanye nabanye.

Ukukhiqizwa lokuqala yezimboni steel elixutshiwe nge manganese, esungulwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX. Iphinde isungule kusukela 1856 njengengxenye yenqubo Bessemer yokuncibilikisa.

doping Izici

izici Modern ukuvumela ukuba zigcwale amanzi izinsimbi elixutshiwe kwanoma iyiphi kwengoma. Izimiso eziyisisekelo lobu buchwepheshe:

1. izingxenye Alloying ezibhekwa kuphela uma yethulwe futhi ngokuqondile okuqukethwe ngamunye idlula 1%.
2. Sulphur, i-hydrogen, i-phosphorus kubhekwe amanyela. I inclusions nonmetallic ezisetshenziswa njengeziwusizo boron, i-nitrogen, i-silicon ezingavamile - phosphorus.
3. Ivolumu doping - iyisingeniso yezingxenye ku ketshezi oncibilikisiwe ngaphakathi umkhakha Metallurgical. Ebusweni kuyinqubo surface ungqimba okusheshayo ukugcwaliswa kudingekile chemical izakhi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu.
4. Ngo inqubo okufakiwe, ukuguqula isakhiwo crystalline yalokhu "ingane" leyo nto. Abakwazi ukudala noma kuqedwe Ukungena izixazululo futhi walubeka imingcele metallic futhi okungezona metallic izakhiwo, ukudala inhlanganisela mechanical okusanhlamvu. A indima enkulu lapha kudlalwa yi-degree of solubility izici komunye nomunye.

izingxenye alloying

Ngokusho ngezigaba jikelele, zonke izinsimbi zihlukaniswe abamnyama namakhaladi. Ukuze zihlanganisa yensimbi emnyama, chrome manganese. Coloured ihlukaniswe engasindi (aluminium, magnesium, i-potassium), esindayo (-nickel, i-zinc, ithusi) ephakeme (-platinum, nesiliva, negolide), izinto ezisansimbi refractory (tungsten molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), amaphaphu emhlabeni ezingavamile futhi enemisebe. Ngu alloying izinsimbi kufake tinhlobonhlobo abalulekile kulula, kuyasindza, enhle, refractory non-ayoni futhi zonke ezimnyama.

Kuye ratio lezi zinto futhi base Massey metal zokugcina ihlukaniswe ongaphakeme-ingxubevange (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) kanye okusezingeni eliphezulu (ngaphezu kuka-10%).

lezinsimbi elixutshiwe

Nezobuchwepheshe, inqubo kuqondile. Ububanzi ubanzi kakhulu. Izinjongo esiyinhloko lezinsimbi ezilandelayo:

• Khulisa ngezikhwepha ngaphezu kwakho.
• Okuthuthukisiwe ezishisayo processing imiphumela.
• Ukwanda ukugqwala ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana, ukushisa ukumelana, ukumelana nezimo yokusebenza nolaka, ukuphila service.

The main izingxenye - ingxubevange ayoni nezinsimbi refractory, okuhlanganisa Kr, MN, W, V, Ti, neMo, kanye anemibala Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium uphinde Nickel - yezingxenye esemqoka ngokuchaza insimbi engagqwali (X18H9T) kanye refractory, okuyinto izimo zokusebenza libhekene amazinga aphakeme okushisa ukushaqeka imithwalo (15H5). Ngo isamba angu-1.5% usetshenziselwa amabombo kanye ukuhilizisana izingxenye (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - esibaluleke kakhulu lezinsimbi bafake nemithi (110G13L). nengcosana ikhuthaza deoxidation, ukunciphisa okuhlushwa phosphorus nesibabule.

Silicon kanye vanadium - izakhi ukuthi ethile kuyaqina anda futhi asetshenziselwa womshini iziphethu (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminium kufanelekile yensimbi nge ukumelana enkulu kagesi (H13YU4).

Sici abalulekile okuqukethwe tungsten esitebeleni ngesivinini ithuluzi lezinsimbi (ikhasi 9 R18K5F2). sokuprakthiza elixutshiwe ukuze metal elinama okuningi elikhiqizayo futhi amelana ukusebenza kuka okufanayo carbon steel ithuluzi.

steel elixutshiwe ku ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke. Kanyekanye eyaziwa okuthiwa Alloys nge izakhiwo isimanga wathola izindlela doping. Ngakho "steel lokhuni" iqukethe 1% chromium futhi 35% nickel, ebheka conductivity yaso ephezulu ezishisayo, isici zibe yizinkuni. Diamond futhi imbandakanya 1.5% carbon, 0.5% chromium futhi 5% of tungsten, okuyinto ephawula ke njengoba ifemu ikakhulukazi, lifana idayimane.

yensimbi doping

ezinsimbini Sakaza lezinsimbi zihluke carbon okuqukethwe okubalulekile (kusuka 2.14 kuya 6,67%), ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ukugqwala ukumelana, kodwa amandla aphansi. Ukuze bandise izakhiwo kanye izicelo ukuboniswa, it is doped ne-chromium, manganese, aluminium, i-silicon nickel, ithusi, i-tungsten vanadium.

Ngenxa yezimo ezikhethekile we indaba yensimbi kanye doping yayo - inqubo nzima ngoba steel. Ngamunye yezingxenye kuthinta ukuguqulwa amafomu carbon kuwo. Njengoba manganese kunomthelela ukwakheka "kwesokudla" graphite, ethuthukisa ngokuqina. Ukwethulwa kwezinye carbon Ubuye umphumela shintsho esimweni sokungenzi lutho, mhlophe yensimbi kanye nokunciphisa impahla yayo lokukhanda.

Ubuchwepheshe nzima ongaphakeme ukuncibilika lokushisa (ngokwesilinganiso abafika kwabangu-1000? C), kuyilapho iningi izakhi alloying kuyinto kakhulu kunokujwayelekile alolu.

Iningi ngempumelelo yensimbi alloying eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele ucabangele okwandisa amathuba wokuhlukaniswa Castings, ngokuhlaziya ingozi ekubunjweni zamehlo. Ukuze afeze inqubo esebenza kahle ngaphezulu kagesi kanye amaziko lokungeniswa. ukulandelana okuphoqelekile izinyathelo kuyinto ukwelashwa ukushisa eliphezulu.

I-Chromium yabalingisi ezinsimbini zinezikhathi bafake okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana, namandla, ukushisa ukumelana, ukumelana yokuguga ukugqwala (CHH3, CHH16). Zisetshenziswa wobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali kanye ekukhiqizeni imishini Metallurgical.

Sakaza yensimbi elixutshiwe ne-silicon, zinezikhathi ukugqwala okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana nokuzabalazela imiphumela nolaka chemical compounds, nakuba eyanelisayo izakhiwo mechanical (CHS13, CHS17). Ifomu izingxenye apharathasi zamakhemikhali, piping kanye amaphampu.

Isibonelo alloying eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kukhona ukushisa ukumelana yabalingisi izinyawo ngeketanga. Ziqukethe ukubunjwa kanye black alloying yabo izinsimbi ezifana chromium, manganese, ne-nickel. Basuke izimpawu okusezingeni eliphezulu ukugqwala ukumelana, ukugqoka ukumelana kanye ukumelana ekucindezelekeni okusezingeni eliphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo nomthelela omkhulu - izingxenye abaphehla ugesi, amanzi, izinjini, umkhakha chemical imishini (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

Eqakathekileko kuyinto ithusi, okuyinto ebandakanyeke eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinye izinsimbi, izici Ukuxoshwa ukwanda ingxubevange.

ithusi ingxubevange

Isetshenziselwa injalo emsulwa futhi yakhiwa Alloys zethusi okuyinto Ziningi kuncike isilinganiso izici eziyinhloko futhi alloying, zethusi, ithusi, nickel isiliva nezinye nelziybery.

Hlanza zethusi - zinc ingxubevange - hhayi doped. Uma sifaka ukubunjwa alloying izinsimbi non-ayoni e ethile - ke ubhekwa multicomponent. Bronze - ke Alloys nezinye izingxenye metallic, kungaba tin noma tin-equkethe, doped kuzo zonke izimo. Okuthuthukisiwe izinga ngokusebenzisa MN, Fe, Zn, Ni, Sn, PB, Be, Al, P, Si.

Okuqukethwe Silicon compounds zethusi kuthuthukisa ukugqwala ukumelana labo, amandla kanye kuyaqina; ithini nomthofu kuphela, - ekutholeni ikhwalithi antifriction izici ezinhle machinability isihlobo; nickel futhi manganese - izingxenye, okuthiwa Alloys deformable ephinde nethonya elihle ku ukumelana ukugqwala; yensimbi ngcono izakhiwo mechanical ne-zinc - ubuchwepheshe.

Zisetshenziswa Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka njengendlela material eziyisisekelo eluhlaza womshini ezihlukahlukene izintambo, material for yokukhiqiza izingxenye ezibucayi imishini zamakhemikhali, e mechanical engineering kanye apharathasi ukwakhiwa, e amapayipi kanye ukushisa.

aluminium doping

Isetshenziswa njengesici Ukusakaza noma Alloys asetshenziweyo. Doped Izinsimbi isisekelo kwakhona zezakhi zethusi, manganese, noma magnesium (duralumin, njll), lona wamuva - ekhuthaza ne-silicon, okuthiwa silumins, nazo zonke izindlela ezingakhona kuthiwa doped usebenzisa Kr, MG, Zn, Co, Cu, Si.

Ithusi kwandisa plasticity yayo; Silicon - the fluidity nekhwalithi asakazwe izakhiwo; chromium, manganese, magnesium - ukuthuthukisa amandla, ukucutshungulwa izakhiwo kanye ingcindezi machinability ukugqwala ukumelana. Futhi njengoba izingxenye alloying itshe esivivaneni ukumelana ukuguga futhi izimo zokusebenza nolaka kungenzeka B, PB, Zr, Ti, Bi yokutholwa.

Iron - ikhomponethi engathandeki, kodwa izinto eziningi ezincane ezisetshenziswa ukwenziwa aluminium ucwecwe. Silumin esetshenziswa ukusakaza izingxenye ezibucayi kanye housings e isiqoqi sama-softwe. Duralumin futhi isibhakela i Alloys aluminium ezisekelwe - i material ezibalulekile eluhlaza womshini izakhi sikebhe, kuhlanganise amandla izakhiwo ukwakhiwa izindiza, shipbuilding futhi umshini.

izinsimbi elixutshiwe behileleka kuzo zonke izindawo umkhakha njengalezo ukuthi aye athuthuka izici mechanical nezobuchwepheshe, njengoba kuqhathaniswa indaba kokuqala. I imisuka alloying kanye amathuba ubuchwepheshe yesimanje ukuvumela ukuba wenze ushintsho ahlukahlukene ukuthi ukunweba amakhono emkhakheni wezesayensi nobuchwepheshe.