Amanzi eyanele izindawo ezivela emithonjeni komhlaba

Ukuze ethola amanzi kusukela kwamanzi futhi isibalo ajulileyo ahlelwe izingqimba. Basuke ezibekwe loMfula amadamu, emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi. Ngezinhloso zezimboni esetshenziswa nezakhiwo ogwini kwezilwandle, kulandele ukusuthisa ukugeleza komsele. Uma izindawo ezigudla ugu zasenyakatho olahlekile amanzi ahlanzekile, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi olwandle kungeyona kanye ukuhlanzwa uhlelo ngokuhambisana justifications kwezomnotho kanye lobuchwepheshe.

Ukuze kukhishwe amanzi ekusakazeni komhlaba uhlele uhlobo izakhiwo ezijulile usebenzisa uhlelo ukudonsa. izindawo Imvume at ukuguquguquka level amanzi echibini eyakhelwe ngezizathu yokufakelwa, yinqwaba isisekelo ukuvikela esiteshini kusukela ice futhi izinto ezintantayo. Ngendlela ilungiselelo engayitholi nezakhiwo somhlaba, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile namandla adonsela phansi (emlanjeni).

zezitshalo

Ruslovye esiteshini amandla adonsela phansi uhlobo ukwakha ogwini kwesigubhu engajulile nge Uzalo amancane mnene kwenhlabathi ababuthakathaka. umklamo wabo inikeza sump, iphayiphi khulula-fudlana kahle ekhanda, ivikelwe nemigoqo. Amanzi okuholela wumnikezeli uzotshala uhlelo ku emgqeni ingcindezi ukusetshenziswa eminye. Headroom wanelisekile kwamanzi ngokuphelele, odla izindwani kuphela udla noma ngaphezulu. Pump esiteshini isebenza nge itheku amanzi noma wamiswa njengetshe idivayisi.

On amabhange emaweni kwamadamu okugcina amanzi zinikezwa engayitholi izindawo uhlobo somhlaba aqukethe akukho izindonga ekupheleni futhi piping design. Amanzi eyanele lizwakala ukuvuleka njengoba ezingeni kuyivumela ukwenza ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Coast kahle aneliseke isigamu imitha ngaphezu eliphakeme amanzi ezingeni liphuma, qiniseka ukubeka esiteshini ukudonsa. Uma lesi sibalo siyahluka kakhulu emfuleni, bese has kahle izigaba eziningana ehlukile ngokuvumelana nenani ukumuncwa imigqa. Amawindi engenhla asetshenziselwa iqoqo ungqimba kucashile phakathi uzamcolo, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuthatha ketshezi.

A uhlobo olukhethekile amanzi iziteshi engayitholi esetshenziswa uma kwenzeka isidingo lemiqulu emikhulu uketshezi noma uma isimo sezulu kuhilela kuyimpi engapheli ne soma ice. Ngo isibalo esinjalo uhlele ebhakedeni yokufakelwa ngohlobo siteshi. Ubukhulu balo zinqunywa kuncike ijubane elintantayo ezineqhwa ezinkulu ezijulile. Amabhakede aphansi reception ukubeka esezansi umlomo kokuthola imisinga phansi futhi ukulwa floes ezijulile. Amabhakede itheku engenhla senzelwe ukufakwa emlonyeni ngokumelene ukugeleza futhi sikhonze njengoFakazi ethola ebusweni for ketshezi hlandla. Lezi zinhlobo avumele izakhiwo engayitholi ngamabhakede ugu bembe idwala kumuntu ka 3.5 m ukujula noma akuthwale e emlanjeni, uhlukanisa edamini.

Nge izakhiwo for filtration kanye ukuhlanzwa kuthiwa acaciswa kahle izikhukhula uketshezi noma iqhwa drift. Ngaphambi sondliwa ku umswakama ingcindezi umugqa elicwengekileyo ngokusebenzisa ungqimba obukhulu amatshe nesihlabathi izingqimba ngokwemvelo etholakala ezansi noma amabhange, bese wamukela kuphela silo, ukuthi ijabulise noma amadivayisi ovundlile.

Uma ufuna ukunikeza alondoloze nemithombo yamanzi yesikhashana, ekwakheni Floating noma mobile amanzi eyanele izindawo. Ukuze uthole indawo yomhlangano iziteshi zeselula kwaleli chibi zihlanganisa wesitimela amathrekhi eyehlelayo ababebeka ukuhambisa, kuye ngokuthi kuyanda izinga lamanzi. Floating izakhiwo ukuze ivumelane esinqunyiwe ihange izikebhe noma pontoons. I yokuntula of isibalo amanzi yesikhashana zihlanganisa yokuthi wonke amaphayiphi zakhiwe ngezinto nezimo, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni ukuwohloka kwabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye izimo zisebenzisa esikhathini ice-uya.

Ukuze ususe umswakama kusukela isihlabathi futhi amatshe inhlabathi unconfined engenhla ungqimba ovundlile uhlele imiphini okwami. Material them is ukhonkolo luhlaka metal. Amanzi engena umamukeli ngokusebenzisa izimbobo ezindongeni futhi phansi. Phansi kahle ifakwe ungqimba Reflux lemifanekiso, ehlanganisa isihlabathi kumuntu ukushuba 0.6 m noma ngaphezulu izingqimba ngohlalwane nge ukushuba ingqikithi kuze kufinyelele 0,15 m. Ngenhla ebusweni inhlabathi wenza kahle at 0.8 m. Izindonga zivikelwe ukukhiya ubumba nge ukushuba kuze kufinyelele 0.5 m okuyinto uya ngaphansi emhlabathini 0.3-1.2 m. Kudingeka otmostka ahlelwe eduze ukhonkolo izindonga nge umyela kusukela 1-1.5 m ububanzi.

Umsebenzi wamanzi engayitholi izindawo ezindaweni enyakatho nzima ezinzima sezulu ebusika lapho zeqhwa amanzi evulekile. Izakhiwo ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi ukuncibilika iqhwa kuphela. Northern izindawo zinezikhathi kokungadlali pheze ephelele imithombo komhlaba ngamanzi ezingavamile aqukethe esiningi amaminerali azizifanelekeli ukuphuza. Khipha ebusika umswakama sokubuza, ngakho-ke asuka izingqimba itholakala ngaphansi eqhweni. Ukwandisa izinga lamanzi kule amadamu wanelisa amadamu yokufakelwa kanye amadamu enwetshiwe ndawo, ngaleyo ndlela kukhuthazwe ashona elawulwa emifuleni nasemachibini amaningi kusuka emithonjeni komhlaba umnkantsha.

izinhlobo imithombo

amanzi Abstraction ukusetshenziswa emizini nasemizaneni Kwenziwa ebusweni futhi subsurface izingqimba. Aquifers kukholamu kwenhlabathi ingcindezi namandla adonsela phansi. izingqimba ovundlile aseduze laphezu komhlabathi noma ekujuleni imifula, amachibi ngokuthi komhlaba. amanzi Ground zinezikhathi ukungcola okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ngaphambi kokungena ingcindezi amanzi kwakudingeka alandele inqubo yokuhlanzwa.

amanzi Umfutho wagcwalisa ngokuphelele kwezakhi ovundlile elise ngezansi noma amadamu eduze ukukhonza ashona abo. imithombo Artesian nemanti eyigugu okumsulwa, ukuze ivumelane isizinda izinhlobo isibalo esinjalo, okuyinto design asisho zimumethe amadivayisi ukwelashwa. Esikhathini kahle ethola amanzi Umfutho kusukela ungqimba ketshezi ovundlile ukhona okunemibandela ephakamisa umugqa okuyinto ezokwenzeka ebusweni ezingeni kwesigubhu eliseduze. Uma lo mugqa kuyinto ngaphezu kwamanzi emhlabathini, bese umswakama ogeleza usuka kahle, esibizwa Artesian.

amanzi seeping phezu kwaleyo inhlabathi Umfutho futhi okungezona Umfutho, akha ukwehla futhi inyuka okhiye usinika amanzi high, okuyinto isetshenziselwe izinjongo ukuphuza ngaphandle abizayo uhlanzekile izinhlelo. izici qualitative umthombo, ezifana amandla, ukujula, ukugcwaliswa namaminerali olusetshenziswa ukukhetha uhlobo isakhiwo esiteshini amanzi eyanele. Nakuba ikhumbula lobuchwepheshe kanye yezakhi kwezomnotho kanye nesidingo uhlobo oluthile okusamanzi (ngoba, amanzi zezimboni kuphuzwa izidingo zasendlini).

Imigomo Ukukhetha indawo

Ukwakhiwa engayitholi izakhiwo kusekelwe izibikezelo izakhiwo uketshezi emthonjeni ekhethiwe, kudingekile ukuguqulwa ugu, umfula embhedeni iNguquko noma ezinye ichibi futhi izimo yokusebenza wokubacindezela. Lapho ushintsho ezingeni amanzi angaphezu kuka 6 m kanye emaweni emthambekeni ogwini ukwanele evamile amanzi inflow Yakha inhlanganisela ogwini izindawo.

Uma uhlela besilinganiso ukusebenza, ngenxa ongaphakeme amanzi isibalo kokuphakama okuhlangana ngayo ukudonsa izinhlelo. Estern ahlukene uhlobo wokwakha ngesikhathi kudingeka umthamo ezincane kanye kwesigubhu ukujula ezinkulu. Uma ebusweni oscillation yamanzi - ezingaphansi kwezingu-6 m, ukujula incane, bese usebenzisa uhlobo isiteshi edonsa esiteshini futha e somhlaba ezakhiwe umamukeli.

ukubala wokubacindezela

Ukuze sithole nemingcele elilungile esebenzayo iphayiphi ukubala wokubacindezela. Cabangela umthamo we amapayipi nezinye izakhi phakathi naso sonke isikhathi samanje ubuqiniso. ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuchazwa njengoba isidingo ke ngesikhathi esiphezulu wokuhlaziya abathengi axhunyiwe. Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, ukubala ipayipi diameters kwadingeka kwezinhlelo maqembu kwezomnotho iphila mass predetermined nokulahlekelwa sakugcina.

Yenza umdwebo axonometric Inkhombandlela kusukela Okokufaka ezihambisana draw-node, ngokukhetha indawo kanye nenombolo ezincane kunazo zonke rotations. Kubalwa obuphelele izingxenye kusukela kwelinye iphuzu eya kwelinye engeyokuqala, kucatshangelwa inani loketshezi lokudlulisa amaphuzu. Pipe ubukhulu washintsha kwenye indawo, kungakapheli ipayipi esigabeni esisodwa ukunikeza usayizi ofanayo. Ukwakhiwa amanzi eyanele izindawo wenziwa emva ephelele ukubala wokubacindezela.

nokuhlanzwa isitshalo

Thola izinga lamanzi, okusekelwe izinkomba ezifana:

• Izakhiwo, ezifana turbidity, khona ukunambitheka, umbala, iphunga, izinga lokushisa;
• nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali esibonisa ikhono namachibi, ubulukhuni, impendulo asebenzayo, okuqukethwe okumbiwa phansi;
• izakhiwo bacteriological ezibonisa degree of ukungcoliswa amagciwane fall ukuthi emanzini kusukela ezungeze indle, kwezulu, isilwane indle.

Ukuphuza amanzi kuba ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa. a izidingo izinga uketshezi ukusetshenziswa zokuhlala futhi elivamile CCITT R51232 - 1998. nezimfuneko Idokodo ifakwe i ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo kanye nezinkomba virus. Uma ukuhlanzeka kwamanzi ayihambisani idatha normative ke ukwakha amanzi eyanele yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile isitshalo. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu ukwelashwa waqaphela njengoba magciwane kanye ukucaciseleka. Ukuze uthole ukucaciseleka ukusebenzisa ukuhlunga sedimentation izigaba eziningana, lapho ukungcola kujule kuze phansi. I ngemisebe germicidal chlorination kwesejwayelekile, ozonation isetshenziswa mayelana nokulahla nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic.

Ukulungiselela amanzi emithonjeni komhlaba

Kukhethwa amanzi eyanele esiteshini ukuthola uketshezi izingqimba engaphansi kuthinte ukujula indawo ungqimba okukhiphayo. Facilities zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezine:

• imbobo engayitholi;
• imiphini ingeyami;
• isibalo izenzo ovundlile;
• kapotazhnye kudivayisi.

izakhiwo eyanele njengoba komhlaba imithombo noma tube imithombo isetshenziselwa ukukhipha uketshezi kusukela ekwakhekeni ekujuleni phezu 10 m. Ukwakhiwa liqukethe Drilling odongeni phansi komhlaba bese egcinwa eqinisa bezinhlamvu. Kancane kancane kunciphisa nge ukujula Ukudayela ubukhulu amapayipi. Engxenyeni engezansi emgodini isethwe lemifanekiso phezu ngaphezu kahle, ukwakha observation ekamelweni. Uma yokucindezela yamanzi ngokwanele, amanzi antante phezulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi, uma kungenjalo umswakama sidla kuya phezulu nge amaphampu.

Ezakhiwe emithonjeni uhlobo evulekile ukukhonza ukuthola amanzi phezu 30 amamitha izindonga kahle ukujula -. Ukhonkolo, ukhuni noma isitini, ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izakhi ngomumo zifane ngokulandelana bakubheka komunye nomunye. Ezingxenyeni ezingaphakathi engezansi izindonga phansi ukuvuleka kanye nokuhlinzekela engayitholi yemvelo uketshezi. Ezansi ukwenza isihlungi ungqimba isihlabathi futhi amatshe. Nge isidingo kwandisa amanzi ahlele imithombo eminingana futhi oxhumene by namapayipi amunca amanzi nge Water Collector, iphampa lapho umswakama ihlinzekwa emanzini.

Underground isibalo amanzi izenzo ovundlile ukukhonza ukuqoqa amanzi ngesikhathi ukujula engajulile. Basebenta ngesikhathi amamitha angu-8 ngokhonkolo ejwayelekile, noma izakhi Ceramic ne izimbobo noma izimbotshana e evele ohlangothini ukujula. Imihlobo olula ovundlile ezenziwe ngezitini thinned noma imfucumfucu, sesondlo yokuvimbela bayabuka amakhamera zonke 100 m.

Kapotazhnye ekamelweni ukukhonza kukhishwe amanzi kusukela okhiye. Bangabaholi elula imiphini okwami, wahlela phezu kwendawo ukubukeka amanzi phezu. Ukuze uketshezi ukwehla imithombo isihluthulelo na kapotazhnye ekamelweni lokuqoqa umswakama yonkana izindonga mpo ovundlile uhlobo eyanele.

iqoqo Amanzi emithonjeni phezu

Kule ndlela izinyathelo amanzi eyanele kuyenziwa ukuze irisidi ungaphazanyiswa umswakama phakathi nonyaka. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo eduze kumthengi esitebeleni, ngaphansi angcolile endaweni ogwini, sakha izitshalo zezimboni kanye iziteshi indle. isibalo Water ezivela emithonjeni ebusweni wanelisa, ikhumbula Ukujikeleza kungenzeka embhedeni emfuleni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izakhi uhlelo ahlelwe ukuze ngemva kokwakhiwa ice ebusika futhi phezulu izakhiwo wayengekho ngaphansi kuka 0.3 m, futhi phansi emanzini ethola akazange afinyelele phansi emfuleni 1 m.

izakhiwo eyanele zivame kwakhiwa isisekelo ahlangene we izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, it is kunqunywa izici kwesigubhu futhi lemali edingekayo ukusetshenziswa. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uhlelo sihamba isivivinyo lobuchwepheshe. Amanzi amboze isibalo Ukuhanjiswa ngamanzi egijima ngesivinini 1 m / s. amanzi yaseNdlunkulu supply is kampompi ukuxova umuthi wokugoma ukuze magciwane.

Idivayisi wangaphandle alondoloze nemithombo yamanzi amanethiwekhi

uhlelo Ngaphandle ufaka imigwaqo esemqoka kanye umugqa legatsha yesibili. Njengoba indaba ka amaphayiphi wasebenzisa izingxenye imvelo akhethwe izimo GOST. Phakathi esiteshini ukuncela futhi amanzi Umfutho sidlula uketshezi ukwelashwa isitshalo, luhlala ethangini futhi nge elawula amadivayisi ziqondiswe umthengi. Pipe ubukhulu thoroughfare main athathwe ngokuvumelana design wokubacindezela, kanye diameters legatsha asetshenziswa mayelana umlilo ngocansi ukugeleza uketshezi.

Yedivayisi ephakamisa amanzi

izakhiwo uzotshala ukunikeza ukunyakaza amanzi phezu kwengungu yokuguqula amandla motor ibe amandla wokubacindezela ketshezi athathelwana. Ngalezi amadivayisi umswakama kuvuselwa ukuphakama oyifunayo, enikeziwe olude futhi ziphoqelelwa ukuba egeleza avaliwe amanzi ipayipi uhlelo, okubandakanya ukusebenza kwe amanzi eyanele izakhiwo. Ukukhethwa amaphampu ukuze eziyinkimbinkimbi inkonzo amanzi eyanele izakhiwo luncike uhlobo injini, amandla, ingcindezi, ukusebenza kahle kanye neminye imingcele. Isicelo obujwayelekile e amaphampu centrifugal ukuthi kunezimo ngokwanele phezu nezinye izinhlobo.

Amadamu kanye izinqaba zamanzi ezingokwemvelo

Ukuze kuzuzwe ingcindezi ohlelweni kwamanzi nokuthuthwa ukukhulisa uketshezi kuya ephezulu liphumele zisuke izinqaba zamanzi ezingokwemvelo ukuthi sisebenza isimiso somzimba yokuxhumana izitsha. Ethangini kwesigubhu embhoshongweni ibalwa kusukela umthamo wamanzi olawula ukunikezelwa fluid abathengi ngesikhathi esithile, ngeke aphumelele uma amanzi isibalo ezivela emithonjeni ngomshoshaphansi.

Ngo amanzi ethangini umbhoshongo agcinwe amanzi adingekayo eziphuthumayo zokucisha kungakapheli imizuzu 10 ngemva ukuthungela. Umbhoshongo wamanzi design kuhlanganisa kubhavu asekelayo substrate kwakheka kwi ukuphakama Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kule ndawo. Ngo ezisenyakatho kuhlelwe ukuba vimbela indzawo yekuhlala, kanye kuphela Omboza ethangini kuyinto eningizimu.

Kwabonakala izimoto ezinkulu zamasosha yokugcina amanzi wafaka ahlukahlukene izindawo kampompi uhlelo, asetshenziselwa ukugcina yokusungula ketshezi. Ivolumu amathangi incike injongo yabo futhi izidingo ingcindezi amanzi saturation abathengi ohlelweni. Material ezakhiweni kuyinto isitini wokushiswa, izinhlobo ezahlukene itshe yemvelo nokhonkolo. Ukuma ukuhlukanisa amathangi isiyingi futhi unxande. Eyeqayo siphela indlela Monolithic noma Modular.

Ukulungisa of amapayipi komhlaba kwamanzi

Ukuhlelwa kwamanzi okufakelwa kwamanzi ngamapayipi amaningi emva kwesikhathi esithile sokusebenza kudinga ukulungiswa ngezikhathi ezithile nokugcinwa. Ngezinye izikhathi umthamo wephayiphu yamanzi wehla ngenxa yeziphophozi emipayipi yama-clogs kanye nezendlalelo. Ukuhlanza kwalo kuqhutshwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ezimweni ezikhanyayo kunelungelo lokugubha ngamanzi ahamba phambili noma aqondile. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, kusetshenziselwa ama-scrapers noma ama-ruffs.

Ukususa iphayiphi elimele endaweni - umsebenzi unzima futhi uyabiza. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa kwedivaysi ekhethekile, ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwepayipi. Idivayisi ihamba, futhi ijikeleza amabhulashi aqinile asusa ukwakheka ezindongeni. Ukuhlanza ipayipi lapho kususwe khona uketshezi, yenza izimbiza ezingavumeli izakhiwo zamapayipi ukuba ziqhubekele phezulu.

Ukuze ususe ukuhlukumeza okuyinkimbinkimbi noma imigodi emipayipi, ziphakanyiswa phezulu, futhi emva kokufaka esikhundleni sesigaba esonakele, ziphinde zanciphise phansi. Izingozi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zilungiswa nge-welding ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukufakwa kwezikhungo zokungena kwamanzi kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile, oluvumela ukucacisa uhlobo lwezakhiwo, ukukhetha indawo nokuhlela izingxenye zesakhiwo. Kodwa njengoba abathengi banamuhla bengaboni ukuhlala kwabo ngaphandle kokuswakama kokuphila, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izixazululo ezintsha ezakhayo nemibono yokukhipha amanzi emathunjini eplanethi avele.