Bashkir: inkolo, amasiko, isiko

Russia - ezweni elixube. UMbuso uhlalwe abantu ahlukahlukene abanezinkolelo zabo, isiko kanye namasiko. Ngo eVolga Federal District kukhona isihloko Russian Federation - Republic of Bashkortostan. It kungokwalabo wesifunda kwezomnotho Ural. Lokhu isihloko Russian Federation emngceleni Orenburg, eChelyabinsk Sverdlovsk izifunda, Perm Territory, Republics ngaphakathi Russian Federation - Udmurtia futhi Tatarstan. Inhloko-dolobha ye Bashkortostan kuyinto Ufa. Republic iyona ukuzimela lokuqala ngezizathu yobuhlanga. Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-1917. Ngokuya labantu (abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine), futhi uthatha indawo yokuqala phakathi autonomies. Republic kudume advantageously Bashkirs. Isiko, inkolo, amasiko lokhu isizwe kuyoba sizoxoxa ngakho esihlokweni sethu. Kumele kuthiwe Bashkirs ukuphila hhayi kuphela e-Republic of Bashkortostan. Abamele abantu kungatholakala kwezinye izingxenye Russian Federation kanye Ukraine kanye neHungary.

Luhlobo luni lwabantu - i Bashkirs?

Lokhu lalolo hlanga kwegama ofanayo endaweni mlando. Uma labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezine, Bashkirs yobuhlanga kangakanani abantu 1172287 kuphela ekhaya (ngokuvumelana kwabantu okugcinile ngo-2010). Ngo lonke Russian Federation kukhona isigamu amalungu million khona kwalesi sizwe. ayizinkulungwane engaba yikhulu waya kude. Bashkir ulimi labelwa kusukela West-Altai subgroups umndeni edlule. Kodwa ukubhala kuze ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, baye esekelwe zesi-Arabhu. ESoviet Union, 'isinqumo kwaphezulu, "yahunyushwa ngesi-Latin, futhi zeminyaka yokubusa kukaStalin - zamagama zesiCyrillic. Kodwa akukhona nje ngolimi uhlanganisa abantu. Ukusondelana isici, okuvumela ukuba silondoloze uphawu lwabo, nenkolo. Iningi amakholwa Bashkirs - kukhona amaSulumane Sunni. Ngezansi sichaza kabanzi inkolo yabo.

Umlando wabantu

Ngokusho Ososayensi bathi Bashkirs lasendulo echazwe uHerodotus Klavdiy Ptolemey. "Unguyise Womlando" Argippeans wababiza waveza ukuthi laba bantu begqoke umSkithe, kodwa wathi ulimi lwesigodi ekhethekile. zemihla Chinese isikhundla esifanayo njengoba Bashkirs ukuze izizwe Huns. Esikhathini "Encwadi Sui" (Ngekhulu lesikhombisa) ukhuluma ubuzwe Bay Bo Ding-Han. Abakwazi kufanele ngokuthi Bashkirs futhi iVolga Bulgars. Ngenisa ukucaciseleka ngaphezulu medieval abahambi Arab. Cishe 840 Sallam al-Tardzhuman wavakashela kule ndawo, echazwe ilinganiselwe futhi indlela lempilo lezakhamuzi. Yena ephawula Bashkirs njengesizwe esizimele, ophilayo kuwo womabili emithambekeni ye Ural Ukhahlamba, ephakathi kwemifula iVolga, Kama, Tobol futhi Yaikom. Kwakumelwe pastoralists semi ayimizulane, kodwa ukuba nenkani kakhulu. isihambi Arab ukhuluma animism, okuyinto wayekwenza le Bashkirs lasendulo. Inkolo kwakusho onkulunkulu babo nambili: ihlobo nobusika, imvula umoya, amanzi nomhlaba, imini nobusuku, amahhashi kanye abantu, ukufa. The main kwaba ezulwini uMoya phezu kwabo. Izinkolelo Bashkirs kwakuhlanganisa tincenye totemism (kwezinye izizwe ohlonishwayo Cranes, inhlanzi nezinyoka) nemilingo.

umphumela elikhulu iDanube

Ekhulwini lesishiyagalolunye, elaliphansi kwamagquma Urals ziyofuna amadlelo angcono kangcono ishiywe hhayi kuphela Magyars lasendulo. Kwangena ezinye izizwe Bashkir - Kese, Eneya, Yurmaty nabanye. Lokhu ukuhlanganyela ayimizulane, kuqala ahlala phakathi Dnieper futhi Don, ukwakha izwe Levediyu. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi, ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Aripadi, waqala ukugqugquzela entshonalanga olwengeziwe. Ukuwela Carpathians ngezizwe ayimizulane yanqoba Pannonia futhi wasungula Hungary. Kodwa akufanele sicabange ukuthi Bashkirs kufakwe masinyane Magyars lasendulo. Izizwe zazihlukaniswe futhi ngazihlanganisa kuwo womabili lomfula iDanube. Izinkolelo Bashkirs, abase Islamized ngisho esifundeni esise-Ural, kancane kancane sithathelwe indawo monotheism. zemihla Arab kwekhulu weshumi nambili ukusho ukuthi ibhange enyakatho iDanube elinabantu amaKristu Khunkar. Futhi eningizimu uMbuso Hungary siphile Bashgird-amaSulumane. Idolobha eliyinhloko ababenakho keratitis. Yiqiniso, Islam ungaphakathi elaseYurophu hhayi iphuze isikhathi eside. Kakade ekhulwini nantathu, iningi Bashkirs ebuKristwini. Futhi amaSulumane lwetshumi lane Hungary kwakungeyona neze.

Tengrianism

Kodwa emuva ezinsukwini zakuqala, ngaphambi umphumela izizwe ayimizulane evela Urals. Ake sihlole kabanzi izinkolelo, okuyinto ke ababethi Bashkirs. Le nkolo ngokuthi Tengri - igama uYise zonke izinto unkulunkulu kwesibhakabhaka. Ngo yonke, ngokuvumelana Bashkirs lasendulo, kukhona izindawo ezintathu: umhlaba kuso futhi ngaphansi kwalo. Futhi ngamunye wabo wawuyingxenye ecacile futhi engabonakali. Isibhakabhaka lahlukaniswa laba eziyizitezi eziningana. Ngamazinga aphakeme owakhiwe Tengri Khan. Bashkirs, angazanga isimo Nokho, umbono okucacile amandla mpo. Bonke abanye onkulunkulu ababenomthwalo wemfanelo izici bemvelo (zonyaka, isiphepho, imvula, umoya, njll) kanye irrevocably uzithoba Khan Tengri. Bashkirs wasendulo ayithandanga ovukweni komphefumulo. Kodwa babekholwa ukuthi kuyofika usuku ukuze baphile emzimbeni, futhi uzoqhubeka uphila emhlabeni sifakwe ngendlela egxile ezintweni zezwe.

Compound nge Islam

Ngekhulu leshumi, insimu eyayihlala Bashkirs futhi iVolga Bulgars, waqala ukungena zevangeli Muslim. Ngokungafani Ukubhapathizwa eRussia, okuyinto wahlangana ukumelana evuthayo abantu abangamaqaba, tengriantsy ayimizulane wamukela Islam ngaphandle ukweqisa. Umqondo inkolo Bashkirs united kahle umqondo kaNkulunkulu eyodwa, iBhayibheli linikeza. Tengri sasihlotshaniswa nabo uNkulunkulu. Noma kunjalo, "onkulunkulu aphansi" abanomsebenzi izakhi kanye nezimo zemvelo, sekuyisikhathi eside iyinto enkulu. Futhi manje umzila izinkolelo zasendulo usukela ngemifanekiso, amasiko nemikhuba. Singasho ukuthi Tengriism refracted e ukwazi mass abantu, ukudala uhlobo lomkhuba kwamasiko.

Ukwamukelwa Islam

Ukungcwatshwa lokuqala Muslim e-Republic of Bashkortostan zangekhulu lesithupha. Kodwa ukwahlulela by izinto ezitholakala emathuneni, kungabonwa ukuthi umufi kungenzeka ukuba kwaba bangaphandle abantu. Ngezinye ukwelashwa i ekuseni esiteji bendawo Islam (ngekhulu leshumi) waba nendima zevangeli enkulu brotherhoods ezifana Naqshbandiyya futhi Yasaviya. Bavela imizi Central Asia, ikakhulu ovela eBukhara. Lokhu kunquma ukuthi yini manje inkolo Bashkirs. Ngemva eBukhara umbuso banamathela US Islam, okuyinto eduze okwakuthandelene Sufi ukubukwa futhi Hanafi incazelo ngobunyoninco. Kodwa omakhelwane entshonalanga zonke lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama Islam kwakungafanele ecacile. Franciscans John-Hungary noWilliam abaye baphila njalo iminyaka eyisithupha ekhatsi Bashkortostan, wathumela ku 1320 a Communique General oda bakhe: "Sithole EnguMbusi Baskardii futhi cishe bonke abendlu yakhe ngokuphelele elinegciwane Saracen amaphutha." Futhi lokhu kusikisela ukuthi isingathe Islam engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu weshumi nane, iningi labantu besifundazwe.

Ukujoyina Russia

Ngo-1552, ngemva kokuwa Kazan Khanate, Bashkiria baba ingxenye yombuso eMoscow. Kodwa abadala bebandla ukuba ezibekwe ilungelo amanye ukuzimela. Ngakho, Bashkirs akwazi ukuqhubeka mihlaba zabo, ukuqhuba inkolo yabo futhi ukuze siphile yindlela yemphilo lendzala. abakhwele amahhashi Local nengxenye Russian ibutho izimpi ngokumelene Order Livonian. Inkolo phakathi AmaTatar futhi Bashkirs kwadingeka nezincazelo eziningana ezahlukene. Lesi sakamuva bamukela Islam ngisemncane kakhulu. Futhi inkolo isiyindaba isici self-ukuhlonza zabantu. Nge wokukhushulwa Bashkiria eRussia, ukuze esifundeni waqala zingene Muslim namahlelo uqhosha. State abafisa ukugcina ukulawula wonke ethembekile yezwe, elisungulwe 1782 ku Ufa muftiat. Lokhu ukubusa ezingokomoya kwaholela yokuthi ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, amakholwa ngobugebengu emaphethelweni. Noma yimuphi iphiko traditionalist (kadimizm), ashisekela izinguquko (Jadidism) kanye ishanizm (elahlekile isisekelo engcwele Sufism).

Iyiphi inkolo Bashkirs manje?

Kusukela ngekhulu nesikhombisa, esifundazweni babelokhu abavukelayo ngokumelene ezinamandla umakhelwane enyakatho ntshonalanga. Ikakhulukazi ngiphikelela kaningi kangakanani ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili. Lezi yokuvukela abangu ngamandla ukuyiveza. Kodwa Bashkirs, ababenezinkolo isici yokubuthanela self-ukuhlonza zabantu ephethwe ukulondoloza amalungelo abo nenkolelo. Bayaqhubeka owazibiza US Islam oluxube Sufism. Nokho, Bashkortostan liyisikhungo ezingokomoya wonke amaSulumane Russian. ERepublic kukhona amathempeli abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, Islamic Institute, madrasas eziningana. Ufa Central Board Ezingokomoya amaSulumane yeRussia.

Inkolo Bashkir izifundo zamasiko

Abantu walondoloza futhi ekuqaleni kuka izinkolelo pre-Islamic. Ngokutadisha rites Bashkirs, ungabona ukuthi kuzo, a iwukuxuba emangalisayo. Ngakho, Tengri isibe ezingqondweni zabantu yokuthi munye uNkulunkulu, u-Allah. Abanye izithombe sasihlotshaniswa imimoya Muslim - amademoni okubi noma isimo sengqondo esihle ukuba amadoda jinn. Indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwabo ugajwe Yorty eyyahe (izindlu analog Slavic), Huu eyyahe (amanzi) kanye Shurale (uSathane). Umfanekiso omuhle kakhulu iwukuxuba izinkolo ukukhonza njengephayona iziphandla, okuyinto, kanye namazinyo kanye claws kwezilwane, kusukela okubi iso usizo ebhaliwe ku birch namagxolo amazwi iKoran. Grachinoye iholide Kargat uthela iminonjana yokukhulekelwa kukankulunkulukazi okhokho, lapho iphalishi isiko esasisele enkundleni. yezinkonzo eziningi wayekwenza lapho ezalwa umngcwabo inkonzo yesikhumbuzo, futhi ukhombise esidlule kobuqaba abantu.

izinkolo Tinkhomba ekhatsi Bashkortostan

Njengoba sazi ukuthi sebebonke ka Bashkirs balapha kuphela ikota, ukuphathwa okufanele kwenziwe ngezinye izinkolo ezazithe. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox, okuyinto elangena lapha abantu bokuqala abahlala kuyo Russian (ekupheleni XVI leminyaka.). Kamuva bahlala phansi lapha, futhi Old Amakholwa. Ekhulwini XIX, ezweni kwavela amakhosi isiJalimane yamaJuda. Kwakukhona isonto Lutheran kanye esinagogeni. Lapho Poland naseLithuania baba ingxenye yoMbuso isiRashiya, onqenqemeni baqala ukuhlala lempi futhi badingisa amaKatolika. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ku Ufa koloni amaBaptist lisuswe kusuka Kharkiv esifundeni. labantu Multi-yobuhlanga WeRiphabhulikhi YaseNingizimu Afrika, kanye ombangela ukuhlukahluka izinkolelo, okuyinto Bashkirs yomdabu ukubekezela isithwathwa kakhulu. Inkolo yesizwe, nge iwukuxuba akhona nomphela, namanje-elementi ungubani yobuhlanga.