US Islam - ingenye izinkomba main Islam. Sunni: incazelo, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Mhlawumbe asikho esinye lenkolo emlandweni walo akazange ukugwema uqhekeko ezaholela kumiswa izitayela ezintsha ngaphakathi imfundiso eyodwa. Islam iyathinteka: manje kunezigidi kwabayisithupha ezindaweni zako ezisemqoka eziye zibe khona izikhathi ezahlukene nangaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene.

Ekhulwini VII, ongakhetha iimfundiso ezimbili uhlukanise Islam: Sunni and Shia. Kwenzeka ngenxa nokushintshashintsha kuyi-ukudluliswa ubukhosi. Inkinga kwaphakama cishe ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Prophet Muhammad sika, abashiyanga imiyalo kuleli amaphuzu.

Umbuzo kwamandla

Muhammad kubhekwa Umprofethi wokugcina kwabangu-sa phansi abantu abaye bazakhela isixhumanisi waphakanyiselwa emkhathini wezulu nomhlaba, enguNkulunkulu futhi engumuntu. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Islam, amandla wokuziphilisa cishe nolimi kusukela yenkolo, lezi zindawo kubuswa oyedwa - umprofethi.

Ngemva kokufa uMprofethi umphakathi ahlukaniselwe ezindaweni eziningana, ngezindlela ezahlukene ukunquma umbuzo kwamandla yokudlulisela. Shiism ahlinzekwa isimiso sitholwa njengefa. Islam Sunni - umphakathi ilungelo lokuvota, wokuqoka umholi yenkolo futhi ayenemisebenzi yokuziphilisa.

Shiism

Shiites baphikelela ngokuthi uhulumeni kufanele sidlule kwesokudla igazi, njengoba nje isihlobo kungase kumthinte umusa pha uMprofethi. abameleli zamanje akhethwe umzala entsha Imam Mohammed sika, nokubeka nesithembiso salo buyisa ahluleli emphakathini. Ngokusho yetinsita Muhammad ebizwa ngokuthi Shiites abalandela umfowabo.

Ali Ibn Abu Talib obusa emihlanu nje ubudala, futhi ayikwazanga ngalesi sikhathi ukufeza ngcono okuqaphelekayo, njengoba njengegunya eliphakeme kwakudingekile ukuzivikela. Nokho, phakathi Shiite Imam Ali uyawuthanda udumo okukhulu nodumo labo abanamathela isiqondiso yengezwe Surah Quran esizinikezele the Prophet Muhammad futhi Imam Ali ( "izinkanyiso ezimbili"). Omunye amahlelo Shiite ngqo ezikhulekelwa Ali, iqhawe kwabaningi Folk yezinganekwane nezingoma.

Bakholelwa Shiites

Ngemva ukubulawa Shiite amandla imam lokuqala wadluliswa kubantwana bakwa-Ali indodakazi ka Muhammad. isiphetho sabo wayebuye esiyinhlekelele, Nokho, babeka isisekelo Shiite Imams Dynasty, obabukhona bangaphambi kwekhulu XII.

Umphikisi Sunni, Shia, awabanga namandla zezombusazwe, kodwa lusekelwe ngokujulile yomoya. Ngemva ukunyamalala Imam weshumi nambili ka-isifundiso "Imam Hidden", azophindela umhlaba njengoba Kristu Orthodox.

Okwamanje Shi'ism yiyona inkolo isimo Iran - isibalo sabalandeli imayelana 90% abantu sebebonke. Ngo-Iraq kanye Yemen, cishe isigamu sabantu abanamathela Shi'ism. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthonya Shiites futhi e Lebanon.

Sunnism

Islam Sunni - lokhu kuyindlela yesibili ukuxazulula inkinga wamandla Islam. Abamele le nhlangano ngemva kokufa Muhammad waphikelela ngokuthi ukuphathwa kokubili sphere ngokomoya futhi egxile ezintweni zezwe kufanele bagxila ezandleni neUma - owenziwa umphakathi ongokwenkolo, okuyinto ikhetha kusukela phakathi umholi wayo.

ulema Sunni - ababheki wamasiko - zihlukile ukunamathela abashisekayo yesiko, imithombo lasendulo ebhaliwe. Ngakho-ke, kanye Qur'an a ukubaluleka mkhulu Sunnah - iqoqo imibhalo mayelana umprofethi bokugcina bokuphila. Ngesisekelo lemibhalo ulema ekuseni ziye zasungula imidanti, nezimfundiso elandelayo okusho ezihambayo endleleni efanele. US Islam - inkolo incwadi futhi isiko kwakuwukuthi umphakathi ongokwenkolo.

Okwamanje, Sunni - ethé chithi saka kakhulu ngaphakathi Islam, esehlanganise mayelana 80% wonke amaSulumane.

sunna

Uyini Sunni, kuyoba lula ukuziqonda uma sibheke umsuka wenkulumo ethi. Sunnis - abalandeli Sunnah.

Sunnah ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "isampula", "isampula" wabiza ngokuphelele "Sunnah Messenger of Allah." Kuyinto itheksthi lebhaliwe ehlanganisa izindaba mayelana amazwi noma izenzo zomdala Muhammad. Ezisebenza, iphelelise Qur'an, njengoba okushiwo Sunnah kweqiniso - umfanekiso amasiko nemikhuba endala zasebukhosini. Islam Sunni - ke nje mazinga alandelayo kokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu zokuhlola ezasungulwa imibhalo yasendulo.

Sunnah lihlonishwa Islam, kanye ngobunyoninco, ukuqeqeshwa yayo kunikezwa indima ebalulekile imfundo yenkolo. Shiites - kuphela Muslim - ukwenqaba igunya Sunnah.

ukugeleza Sunni

Kakade ekhulwini VIII, umehluko ezindabeni zokholo, kwakheka imizila emibili Sunni: murji'ah futhi Mu'tazilites. Ekhulwini IX, futhi kuye kwaba khona ukunyakaza Hanbali, leyehlukile ukunamathela hhayi kuphela okuqinile umoya kuphela kodwa futhi iledere emasikweni enkolo. Hanbalis usethe ububanzi ecacile kuvunyelwe futhi impermissible, kanye ezilungisiwe ngokugcwele ukuphila amaSulumane. Kanjalo izuzwe ubumsulwa ukholo.

Kuhlehlisiwe kuze Suku Ehlulelo

Murji'ah - "otkladyvateli" - akazange anqume umbuzo kwamandla, wanikela ukukubeka emhlanganweni Allah. Ukugcizelela ukugeleza abalandeli akwenza ngobuqotho ukholo kuNkulunkulu, okuyinto uphawu Muslim kweqiniso. Ngokusho kwabo, Muslim ayiguquki ngisho nangemva kokuba isono uma kulondoloza ukholo okumsulwa e Allah. Futhi, isono sakhe Akayena okuphakade: ukuyihlenga sokuhlupheka kwakhe futhi ukushiya esihogweni.

Izinyathelo zokuqala emfundisweni

Mutazality - Iminyango - wasuka murji'ah ukunyakaza futhi ngamaphayona okuqala kumiswa emfundisweni Islamic. Njengoba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi abalandeli elifundile amaSulumane.

I mutazality main isithakazelo bakhe bagxila umehluko nekuhumusha amalungiselelo athile ngobunyoninco, ngokuphathelene nohlobo kukaNkulunkulu nabantu. Bona ziqondiswe udaba enkululeko ngentando yomuntu nokudalelwa.

Ukuze Mu'tazila umuntu owenze isono esibi kakhulu, kuba isimo eyanelisayo - akayena akholwayo, kodwa hhayi okungalungile. Lokho isiphetho Vasila Ibn Ata, umfundi owaziwayo nesazi senkolo VIII leminyaka, kubhekwe ekuqaleni kumiswa Mu'tazila ukunyakaza.

Sunnism futhi Shiism: umehluko

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi Shiites futhi Sunnis - ke umbuzo mayelana umthombo wamandla. Eyokuqala yencike egunyeni yaphezulu osenonnogo ngelungelo nokuzwelana, kwesibili - ngesinqumo isiko kanye nomphakathi. Ukuze Sunnis ngezikulu abhalwe Qur'an, Sunnah, kanye neminye imithombo eminingana. Kulesi sisekelo thina washayelwa izimiso ngemibono eziyisisekelo, ukwethembeka okusho ukulandela ukukhukhuleka okholweni lweqiniso.

Shiites bakholelwa ukuthi Imam kufezwa intando kaNkulunkulu, njengoba nje amaKatolika uye wenziwa samuntu ngomfanekiso uPapa. Kubalulekile ukuthi amandla luthathwe, kusukela kulabo abahlobene ngegazi kuze kube sekugcineni Prophet Muhammad kuphela, athwale iyisibusiso sikaNkulunkulu. Ngemva ukunyamalala zokugcina amandla Imam wadluliswa Ulama - izazi zemfundiso yenkolo, elisebenza njengabalindi nomele lilonke ulahlekile Imam Shiites njengoKristu kulindelekile ngamaKristu.

Umehluko kubonakala izindawo amandla zesikole nangokomoya Shiite ngeke zihlukaniswe futhi bagxila ezandleni umholi owodwa futhi. Sunnis khulumela ngokuhlukana we sphere okungokomoya nezombangazwe ithonya.

Shiites wenqabe igunya wokuqala nabanye abaholi ezintathu - abangane Muhammad. Sunnis, ngakolunye uhlangothi, cabanga kubo ngoba kuthiwa bayizihlubuki abakhulekela imams nambili mancane ujwayelene umprofethi. Kukhona isikhundla komthetho Islamic, owawuthi kuphela isixazululo jikelele abantu onegunya kubalulekile ezindabeni zenkolo. Kususelwa kule futhi Sunnis, ngokukhetha umbusi ophakeme ivoti umphakathi.

Kukhona umehluko yokukhulekela Shiites futhi Sunnis. Lapho ethandaza, futhi labo nabanye ku izikhathi 5 ngosuku, kodwa isikhundla izandla abahluke. Futhi, Shiites, isibonelo, kukhona isiko nokuzibhaxabula, hhayi yamukelwa Sunnis.

Sunnism futhi Shiism namuhla - course ezivamile Islam. Ngaphandle imele Sufism - uhlelo izinkolelo ezingaqondakali futhi zenkolo, kwakheka ngesisekelo ukuzila, renunciation zokuphila zezwe ekuhambisaneni eziyimiyalo ukholo.