IVolga Federal District: ukwakheka, izindawo, izifunda

Russian Administrative ihlukaniswe hhayi kuphela yokuzimela, izindawo, izifunda kanye republic, kodwa futhi ezifundeni federal (FD). Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange 7. Izazi eziningi ukhombe iVolga Federal District. Yiziphi imininingwane enjalo amayunithi indawo? Yini ihlukile kwezinye izifunda iVolga Federal District? Isici umnotho walo, ubukhulu kanye izici ekuthuthukiseni zomlando amadolobha uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini eSifundeni Federal

IVolga Federal District - iyunithi zokuphatha yeRussia, kwakheka ngenxa izinguquko isakhiwo wezwe indawo, iqhutshwe kowezi-2000. Ngokuhamba yezinguquko kwamiswa 7 izifunda federal (FD), esimeni esisha - ummeleli plenipotentiary lwekhanda isimo kulezi izinhlangano indawo. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kuguqulwa yayihloselwe ukuqinisekisa izinga eliphakeme ukuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe ezifundeni Russia. Reform kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe isikhathi kumiswa elisha, sihluke izimiso Soviet kohlelo zokuphatha, imodeli federalism.

Isimo, njengoba ezinye izazi zikholelwa, akunakwenzeka anqume: ukunikeza izifunda zinenkululeko eyengeziwe futhi ndawonye ukuphathwa eMoscow. Ngenxa yalokho, thina kukhicite ebucayini: sinqume ukudala izakhiwo zokuphatha ezengeziwe phakathi inhlokodolobha nezikhonzi zalo lo mfelandawonye. Kwavela ukuthi izifunda, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zazinzima ezimele, ngakolunye - ziye zaphoqeleka ukuba athobele izithakazelo zezikhonzi angomakhelwane we Federation, okuyizinto sifunda.

Ukugxekwa uhlelo kwezifunda federal

I-Russian ochwepheshe Atmosphere umbono mayelana ukungapheleli ukuphathwa amayunithi indawo, okuyinto lwekuphatfwa ngalokuyimphumelelo ihlukaniswe Russia. IVolga Federal District - iyathinteka. Isikhathi esining impela la maphuzu umbono obonakaliswe kowezi-2000, eminyakeni yokuqala emva uhlelo County laqanjwa umongameli. Omunye emaphuzwini baxgeki - a iphutha walo mzamo, uMongameli we-kwezinkambiso umthethosisekelo. Ikakhulukazi, umthetho eyinhloko yezwe kusho ukuthi isinqumo ukuguqula isimiso sokuqondisa-sendawo Russia zingakhokhelwa kuphela esekelwe imithetho kahulumeni, kodwa hhayi izimiso kamongameli. Nakuba esifundeni Kwamiswa njengoba isikhathi ngesinqumo somthetho kamongameli. Elinye iphuzu okufanele okuyinto banake ukugxekwa - imisebenzi kukaMongameli omele ezifundeni sikahulumeni. UMtsetfosisekelo, abakholelwa alikho igama elithi sendlela amandla inhloko yezwe kungenziwa siguqulelwa plenipotentiaries imisebenzi embuzweni.

Kuhlelwa kabusha Wezangaphakathi kwezifunda federal

Ngo-May 2014, uMongameli Russian uye eyenziwa izinguquko ngokwengxenye kwalesi simiso iziphathimandla zikahulumeni ezifundeni sikahulumeni. Lokhu kwazithinta takhiwo Wezangaphakathi eRussia. ESifundeni Federal babe ukuphathwa main (SU) Ministry Interior. Iziphathimandla yanquma ukunciphisa lezi zikhundla ngenxa esinye isinqumo uhulumeni ukusetha isibalo esikhulu sezinto abasebenzi Ministry Interior, umsebenzi wabo uxhaso kusukela isabelomali isimo - 1 million ayizinkulungwane 113 172 abantu .. Ngenxa yalokho, kuncike ukuqedwa Ministry eSifundeni Federal (kungabalwa Ucwaningo Wezindaba we Russian Federation ku North Caucasian Federal District). UMnyango Main Wezangaphakathi ku iVolga Federal District, kanye izakhiwo efanayo eliseMpumalanga Ekude, eSiberia, Urals, kwisikhungo, South futhi North-West eRussia uyekwa. Abasebenzi minyango zathathwa izisebenzi futhi kwadingeka ukuba abhekane kabusha kokuhlaziywa, imiphumela okothi anqume umsebenzi wabo esikhathini esizayo.

isakhiwo indawo

Kuyini ephawulekayo iVolga Federal District? Okokuqala, imizana elikhulu kunawo wonke okwake ezaziwayo. Iningi lamadolobha amakhulu we iVolga Federal District: ubuhle, Samara, Kazan omangalisayo, edume Nizhniy Novgorod, Perm futhi Ufa wokungenisa izihambi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi ngokwanele elikhulu izifundo federal ezinhlobo ezahlukene ngezithako zawo. Sibala main. Izindawo iVolga Federal District - a Kirov, Orenburg, Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov futhi Ulyanovsk. Njengengxenye wesifunda kukhona 6 republic kazwelonke: Bashkortostan (inhlokodolobha - Ufa), Mordovia (sokuqondisa - kwaseSaransk), Tatarstan (umuzi omkhulu - Kazan), iMari El (enhlokodolobha yase Republic - ngaya eYoshkar-Ola), Udmurtia futhi Chuvashia (lapho inhloko-dolobha - Izhevsk futhi Cheboksary ngokulandelana). I iVolga Federal District sakhiwa njengoba Perm.

umnotho

IVolga Federal District, letitawuba yincenye yetintfo ezinye megacities, futhi izifunda kwemtfombo ocebile, ungumholi phakathi kwezinye District ngokuya ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, ngisho nangaphambi kwezidingo zezinto Central, lapho kukhona eMoscow. imikhakha Main - isakhiwo umshini, amafutha kanye namandla eziyinkimbinkimbi. Abaholi embonini - Kirov esifundeni, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, Mordovia.

A elikhulu emnothweni wesifunda waziphatha ezolimo (ikakhulukazi e Tatarstan, Nizhny Novgorod esifundeni, ku Perm esifundeni). umkhakha ukukhanya (Mari El, Penza esifundeni) is kahle. Umnotho wesifunda, ngokusho kwabanye bezimali, okwenza isifunda omunye ezikhanga kakhulu zimali.

Imifula kanye namachibi

I iVolga Federal District itholakala somfula emifuleni ngobukhulu European - the iVolga. Licala Valdai nge komsele wamanzi, futhi agelezela yoLwandle iCaspian. Ubude emfuleni -. Ezingaphezu kuka 3.5 ayizinkulungwane km. IVolga abakule ndawo okuthathwe kuyo - kwezigidi ezingu-1.6 sq. km.

Esikhathini iVolga Federal District kunenqwaba zamachibi, i-akhawunti yakhe iya ku amashumi ezinkulungwane. Iningi lazo e Tatarstan (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 8.), Bashkortostan (acishe abe yizinkulungwane 2.), Esikhathini eRepublic (750), kwafika abantu ababalelwa enkulungwaneni - ku Kirov esifundeni, 689 itholakala e-Republic of Mari El.

Kazan

Izifunda we iVolga Federal District kungokwasekuqaleni kakhulu. Kazan - omunye izikhungo ezinkulu izivakashi Russia, elinye lamadolobha Russia edume kakhulu emhlabeni.

Unyaka isisekelo Kazan, ngokuvumelana olwamukelwa bemivubukulo - 1005 th. City iye yasakazeka njengosongo uyisiphephelo we Bulgaria iVolga. Ngokokuqala ngqá e zemihla Russian okukhulunywa Kazan e 1177. Umuzi waba omunye izikhungo ngobukhulu zayo zezentengiselwano nezombusazwe iGolden zidlamlilo. Ngo 1438 wathola isimo inhloko-dolobha Kazan Khanate. Ngo-1552 th idolobha yanqotshwa ibutho Ivana Groznogo yayihlasela futhi yayinqoba i eRussia. Ngo 1708, waba umphathi-dolobha yesifundazwe Kazan.

Namuhla, lo muzi - omunye ukhiye ukuze umnotho isiRashiya, isikhungo edumile Ethno-kwamasiko. Esikhumulweni sezindiza zamazwe ngamazwe uxhuma umuzi ezindaweni eziningi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. EKazan, kukhona cishe zonke izinhlobo zezokuthutha umphakathi, kuhlanganise kaMasipala. Umuzi iyikhaya bezizwe kwezingu-100. Izilimi ezisemthethweni lapha - Russian nesiTatar.

Kirov

Kirov - idolobha umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu ebhizinisi. Ngokusho izibalo we-Institute of System Izifundo Enterprise-Issues in 2012 Kirov esifundeni seyibe umholi kwi ezihlukahlukene izinkomba. Ikakhulukazi, esifundeni zibalwa kuqala isibalo amabhizinisi amancane ayizinkulungwane 100 sabantu ngalinye -. Oda amayunithi 220. Kirov esifundeni zibalwa kuqala isibalo sabantu abasebenza amabhizinisi amancane. Izinga lekusisa inhlokodolobha amabhizinisi amancane lengenako kuyizikhathi engaphezu kwemibili ingaphezulu kuka-Russian (ngaphezulu - kuphela Penza esifundeni).

Kirov idolobha amakhulu amaningana eminyaka. Unyaka ka yayo isisekelo - 1181 th. Kuze 1457 ke wayaziwa njengomuntu Vyatka, kuze 1781-th - indlela Khlynov. Igama lanamuhla elithi komuzi wathola ngo-1934. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, Kirov sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi isiphetho semi avaliwe inani elikhulu amabhizinisi etholakala emkhakheni wayo ukuzivikela. Umuzi livulekele izivakashi ezivela eRussia nase-abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod - idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke e-iVolga Federal District futhi omunye edume kakhulu eRussia. It yasungulwa ngo 1221 by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich. Igama inguqulo yokuqala kungenxa isikhundla esiphansi maqondana Veliky Novgorod, ngosuku lwesibili - maqondana kwelinye idolobha elinegama elifanayo ukuthi ingaphezu iVolga. Phakathi Mongol-Tatar ijoka eRussia, Nizhny Novgorod ayikaziwa kahle kakhulu. Kodwa ngemva abahlaseli baxoshwa ezweni Russian, waqala ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ayegubha emibhalweni yaminyaka. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi khona Nizhny Novgorod ubukhulu (eminyakeni 1341-1392) edolobheni bafanelekele isimo enhlokodolobha isiRashiya, njengoba wakwazi ancintisane eMoscow Tver. Ngo 1612 izindonga le Nizhny Novgorod ezibiyele ekuqaleni ukunyakaza amabutho, eholwa Minin futhi Pozharsky, okuyinto wakhulula live letfu kusukela abahlaseli Polish-Lithuanian. Ngo-1722, unyaka wayo wamashumi amahlanu e Nizhny Novgorod ayegubha uMbusi uPeter Omkhulu. Lapha wahlala wayeyisazi Russian Kulibin, Lobachevsky, iDamaseku, Kuzhelev uthisha, isazi-mlando isihambi Ilyinsky Baranschikov. City wavakashela A. S. Pushkin. Okuvelayo wakhe babevela ezindaweni yisakhiwo sodumo Nizhny Novgorod, lapho kuchazwe "Evgeniya Onegina" izahluko. Kusukela 30s kuze wokugoqa wase-USSR lo muzi ogama lakhe behlonipha umbhali A. M. Gorkogo. Manje Nizhny Novgorod - omunye izikhungo yezimboni Russia. ifa zomlando namasiko Legendary kwenza kube yizivakashi futhi ukuziqhenya Nizhny Novgorod ngokwabo.

Volzhsky football cluster

IVolga Federal District, kwakheka okwakhiwa kwalo ngomunye athuthukile kakhulu kwezomnotho ezifundeni Russia ukusingatha umnyanya we FIFA World Cup ozobanjelwa 2018 eRussia. Emadolobheni amaningana FD iyoba ingxenye okuthiwa iVolga Cluster - a nhlanganisela zasemizaneni, okuyinto izokwakhiwa izinkundla emidlalweni we ubuqhawe.

Phakathi le mizi Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan bese kwaseSaransk. Ngo abaningi babo ingqalasizinda football kabusha kusuka ekuqaleni. IVolga Federal District kanye nomuzi ngaleyo ndlela ukwaziwa hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke. It uhlala ukuze kwakhiwe e inkundla omangalisayo futhi kuqale umncintiswano.