Okwenza polyethylene? Ukukhiqizwa polyethylene. Izihloko of polyethylene

Ngo emlandweni wesayensi, izinto ezimbalwa kwenzeke ngengozi, futhi izinto ezithandwayo namuhla ngokuvamile kuba eceleni wanoma yimuphi isipiliyoni. Ngandlela-thile kwatholakala udayi aniline izindwangu, okwakunginika ukufohla ukuthi kunezinguquko kwezomnotho nakwezobuchwepheshe kamuva umkhakha umthengi. Indaba efanayo yenzeka polyethylene.

Ukuvulwa kwe-material

Icala lokuqala ukukhiqizwa polyethylene kwenzeka ngo 1898. Phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele-up-German umsuka diamezotana wemithi uHans von Pehman ezitholakala phansi tube akuyona aftertaste ongaziwa. Indaba kwaba ngempela uqweqwe wabheka njengengcina, usosayensi nozakwethu wambiza polimetillinom. ithuba Landelayo kule iqembu lososayensi abakutholanga umphumela ngilukhohliwe, isithakazelo, akekho sekukhona. Nokho umbono kwathi nyá, okudinga indlela kokwenzekayo. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu lingalingani, polyethylene liye kabusha wavula njengoba umkhiqizo okungahleliwe sokuhlolwa kuhlulekile.

AmaNgisi wacosha and win

Modern impahla polyethylene engazalwa laboratory Imperial Chemical Industries of England. E. UFawcett futhi R. Gibson olwenziwa ucwaningo nge high and low ingcindezi amagesi futhi ukuthi enye ISIZINDA ubuciko, ucwaningo yayiqhutshelwa okuyinto, embozwe engaziwa izidakamizwa waxy. Umxhwele side effect, benza imizamo eminingana ukuthola ngoqobo, kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya.

Synthesize polymer kuphumelele M. Perrin, nosebenzela inkampani efanayo eminyakeni emibili. Nguye owadala ubuchwepheshe wakha sisekelo ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of polyethylene. I izakhiwo kanye izinga material nhlobonhlobo kuphela ngokusebenzisa yelikhono ahlukahlukene. Sisindvo ukukhiqizwa polyethylene waqala ngo-1938, futhi yomthetho ngo-1936.

izinto zokusetshenziswa

Polyethylene - polymer okuqinile ngombala omhlophe. Libhekisela isigaba organic compounds. Okwenza polyethylene? I impahla eluhlaza for nokulungiselela salo ethylene igesi. Negesi polymerized ngomfutho ophakeme futhi ongaphakeme eyatholakala ngesikhathi zithutha okukhipha okuphakelayo ukusetshenziswa eminye. Kwamanye izinqubo polyethylene ikhiqizwa ifomu powder.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu

Kuze kube manje, i-polymer iqina ikhiqizwa emagreyidini amabili eziyisisekelo LDPE futhi PNP. Material elivezwa ibhekene nengcindezi isilinganiso isihlobo lo mshini omusha, kodwa isibalo isikhathi eside umkhiqizo kukhishelwa luyokhula njalo ngokuqondene izici ekuthuthukiseni futhi insimu ebanzi kwesicelo.

Ukusetshenziswa, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo impahla (amakilasi):

• inhlanganiso okuphansi noma igama elihlukile - high-ingcindezi (HDPE, LDPE).
• Isidlulisilwazi noma ingcindezi ongaphakeme (LDPE LDPE).
• Ukuthuthukiswa polyethylene, noma polyethylene ingcindezi ophansi.

Zikhona nezinye izinhlobo polyethylene, ngamunye ephethe impahla yayo siqu futhi ensimini kwesicelo. I polymer particulate enqubeni ukukhiqizwa kunezelwa colorants ehlukahlukene ukuze sikwazi ukwamukela black polyethylene, obomvu noma omunye umbala.

Jha

Ukukhiqizwa polyethylene ukwenza ngaphandle umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Negesi ethylene - isici esiyisisekelo (zazo ukwenza polyethylene), kodwa hhayi kuphela edingekayo ukuze sithole into.

Ulungiselela HDPE kwenzeka autoclaves, sikhungo ijabulise. LDPE amamaki ekhiqizwa i autoclave, ngokuvumelana Standard State, kunamaHlelo abunane. etholwe amabili nanye uhlobo Isidlulisilwazi polyethylene kusuka ophendulayo ijabulise.

Ukuze zamagama PVP program avumelane nemibandela elandelayo:

• Izinga lokushisa ububanzi - 200 kuya ku-250 ° C.
• Catalyst --mpilo okumsulwa, peroxide (organic).
• Nokucindezela Kombono 150 300 MPA.

Poimerizirovannaya isisindo esigabeni sokuqala has a isimo uketshezi, bese kuqhutshekwa kuya isihlukanisi, ngemuva kwalokhu lo granulator, lapho impahla udini we elimbudumbudu esiphelele.

izinga LDPE esetshenziswa ukwenziwa emaphaketheni amafilimu, termoplenok, multilayer emaphaketheni. Futhi Isidlulisilwazi polyethylene asetshenziswe yezimoto, amakhemikhali nokudla izimboni. Ngoba kwenza eliphezulu amapayipi eliqinile le esetshenziswa emkhakheni yokuhlala.

polyethylene komugqa

Yini eyenza polyethylene medium ingcindezi noma polyethylene komugqa?

• Ukushisa lokushisa kuze kufinyelele 120 ° C.
• Mode ingcindezi ukuze 4 MPA.
• inqubo stimulator - kulethe (Ziegler-Natta kulethe nenye titanium chloride kwakwakhe melalloorganicheskim).

Inqubo kuhambisana kwezulu polyethylene ngesimo ishq, iziphi ke uhlukane isixazululo inqubo, kulandele granulation.

Lolu hlobo lwe-polyethylene elinesimo kwabantu high, ukushisa ukumelana kwamangqamuzana. Iphanorama kwesicelo izinhlobo ezahlukene emaphaketheni amafilimu, kuhlanganise ashisayo ukugcwaliswa izinto / imikhiqizo. Materials luyimbudumbudu we polymer uhlobo izingxenye ekhiqizwa ukusakaza imishini emikhulu, nangokuvikela izinto, okusezingeni eliphezulu amandla ipayipi, ezidayiswayo , kanjalonjalo.

high density polyethylene

ANP has ezintathu indlela yokukhiqiza. izinkampani abaningi basebenzisa indlela "ukumiswa polymerization". Inqubo yokuthola EOR kwenzeka ezihilela slurry nokuyaluza njalo feedstock, ekwandeni iyadingeka ukuqala inqubo.

Eyesibili indlela ezivame kakhulu ukukhiqiza polymerisation isixazululo ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa futhi kulethe iqhaza. Indlela akuyona esebenza kahle kakhulu, kusukela ngesikhathi polymerization ekwandeni is asabela ngayo kanye polymer okuholela ilahlekelwa ezinye izimfanelo zayo.

Owokugcina izindlela zokukhiqiza iyona PNP igesi esigabeni polymerization, it is zicishe zakhubeka, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ezenzeka ezitshalweni ezithile. Inqubo yenzeka ngokuxuba igesi impahla isigaba eluhlaza bedle okusheshayo. I polymer lokugcina etholakala nge isakhiwo nonuniform kanye kwabantu, esithinta izinga umkhiqizo osuphelile.

Ukukhiqizwa of HDPE kwenzeka ngesikhathi imodi elandelayo:

• Amazinga inakekelwa at esuka 120 ° C kuya 150 ° C.
• Ingcindezi kumele singeqi 2 MPA.
• Polymerization yelikhono (Ziegler-Natta kulethe nenye titanium chloride kwakwakhe melalloorganicheskim).

A impahla le ndlela yokukhiqiza libhekene rigidity, high density, kuyaqina ongaphakeme. Ngakho-ke, kwenkululeko isicelo salo umkhakha. polyethylene Technical esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa yohlelo olubhalwe iziqukathi ngamandla okusezingeni eliphezulu izici. Demand embonini yezokwakha, amakhemikhali umkhakha, ukwenziwa ezidayiswayo, wacishe asisebenzi.

izakhiwo

Polyethylene olumelana amanzi, ukuze izinhlobo eziningi izihlanzi, acid (organic, wezinto), akasabeli ne nosawoti. Ngo omlilo likhipha iphunga upharafini, kukhona kukhanya tint okwesibhakabhaka, umlilo omncane. Noqhekeko kwenzeka lapho zihlatshwa acid nitric, chlorine ne sasekhaya esimweni gaseous noma uketshezi. Nge ukuguga, okuyinto eyenzeka ngo-air, indaba cross-link akhiwa phakathi amaketanga yamangqamuzana, okwenza izinto ziyaqothuka, crumbly.

izinga umthengi

Polyethylene - material esiyingqayizivele evamile ekhaya futhi emsebenzini. Cishe, akunakwenzeka ukuba umthengi isilinganiso uzokwazi ukunquma ngokuthe ngqo izinto eziningi kangakanani ukuphuma kuso ebhekana nsuku zonke. I global ukukhululwa polymers polyethylene kuthatha share sengonyama wemakethe - 31% wezindleko umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene.

Kuye, eyenziwe polyethylene nobuchwepheshe ukukhiqiza, izinga layo bazimisele. Lokhu kwaziswa ihlanganisa izici ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisanayo: eguquguqukayo kanye namandla, ductility futhi ubunzima, eqine eqinile kanye ukumelana izinyembezi, ukumelana nesimo nolaka futhi amagciwane. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke sisebenzisa amaphakethe density ezahlukene, tableware alahlwayo, amakepisi plastic, izingxenye zasendlini nokuningi.

izicelo

Isicelo kwemikhiqizo polyethylene akugcini, yimuphi umkhakha noma umsebenzi womuntu ephelezelwa lezi zithombe:

• I kabanzi kunazo polymer etholwe enkulu ekwakhekeni izinto emaphaketheni. Kule ngxenye isicelo kuyadingeka mayelana 35% of the izinto zokusetshenziswa kukhiqizwa. Ukusetshenziswa okunjalo ulungisiswa izakhiwo gryazeootalkivayuschimi, ukuntuleka ukuvikelwa ukubonakala ukhunta nezinto ezincane eziphilayo. Omunye uyathola lucky - a se plastic, okuyinto has isicelo ebanzi. Ngu obuhlukahlukene ubude ngokunquma kwalo, umsebenzisi ukhawulelwe ububanzi iphakethe kuphela.
• Unalokho engqondweni, kusukela okwenziwé polyethylene, kuyacaca ukuthi kungani kwaba ethandwa njengoba omunye the best ekuvikeleni izinto. Enye yezimfanelo zawo likufuna kulendawo kwaba ukuntuleka conductivity kagesi. Futhi amanzi esisemqoka repellency izakhiwo, eye yasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ungangenisi amanzi izinto.
• Ukumelana amandla okubhubhisa amanzi kuphela, kwenza ukukhiqiza amapayipi eyenziwe polyethylene abendlu futhi abathengi ezimbonini.
• Embonini yezokwakha izinga ukwahlukanisa umsindo polyethylene esetshenziswa, conductivity yayo ongaphakeme ezishisayo. Lezi izindawo ziwusizo enkulu ekwakhekeni ku kwesisekelo salo zokwakha zifudumele Izakhiwo zokuhlala nendawo yezimboni. Polyethylene isetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa lobuchwepheshe Ukushisa amapayipi e isiqoqi sama-softwe nokunye.
• Hhayi ngaphansi amelana nolaka impahla abezindaba umkhakha zamakhemikhali, polyethylene amapayipi elisetshenziswa laboratories zamakhemikhali izimboni.
• I polyethylene usizo kwezokwelapha njengoba kusaladi, izitho zokufakelwa, isetshenziswa amazinyo, njll

Izindlela lokucubungula

Kuye ngendlela impahla eluhlaza luyimbudumbudu sicutshungulwe kuzoncika okuyinto umkhiqizo polyethylene eyatholakala. izindlela ezivamile:

• Extrusion (extrusion). Isetshenziselwa womshini amapayipi, emabhokisini nezinye izinhlobo ifilimu, ishidi impahla ukuze kwakhiwe umhlobiso, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane izintambo, wenza hose plastic kanye neminye imikhiqizo.
• Molding, Thermo-cleaner inqubo obumba. Ikakhulu esetshenziselwa yokukhiqiza emaphaketheni izinto, amabhokisi njll
• Extrusion igalelo udini, ukujikeleza. Ngu le ndlela eyatholakala umthamo volumetric, a amabhokisi amakhulu emaphaketheni.
• Ukuqinisa. Ukuze ubuchwepheshe ezithile phakathi kwakhiwa polyethylene mass nokubekwa yokugcizelela izakhi (metal) ukunikeza impahla ukwakhiwa amandla anda, kodwa izindleko ngaphansi.

Okwenza polyethylene, ngaphandle Izingxenye ezisemqoka izinto? Kuphoqelekile ukucubungula kulethe kanye izithasiselo ukushintsha izakhiwo, ikhwalithi impahla esiphelele.

nokusebenzisa kabusho imikhiqizo esisebenzile

PE ukumelana - kuba plus yakhe njengoba ezidayiswayo bese omubi walo, njengoba esinye sezici eziyinhloko ungcolisa. Kuze kube manje, kuba kabusha ezibalulekile - kabusha. Wonke amazinga we polyethylene kungenziwa kabusha kanye kabusha iguqulwe ibe impahla luyimbudumbudu omahhadla otholakala lapho kungenzeka ukwenza abaningi likufuna izimpahla kanye ukusetshenziswa ezimbonini.

Polyethylene nesembozo, izikhwama, amabhodlela ngeke ukubola in a landfill amakhulu eminyaka, futhi imfucumfucu zanqwabelana ubuthi imithombo yemvelo esibalulekile. Umkhuba emhlabeni ikhombisa ukukhula kwenani ukucutshungulwa amabhizinisi polyethylene. Empeleni ekuqoqeni udoti, lezi zinkampani afeze kabusha yayo, olwembiza. Ngakho, kukhona isisetshenziswa ukonga, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo izothandwa.