Polymers Inorganic: izibonelo izicelo

Emvelweni kukhona polymers organometallic, wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. Ukuze zihlanganisa izinto wezinto kukhona backbone wezinto ezingaphili futhi amagatsha side akuzona ezizivelelayo hydrocarbon. Ngokwakha polymers wezinto kukhona izakhi uthambekele khona ekusebenziseni amaqembu III-VI uhlelo ngezikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali.

ngezigaba

polymers Organic futhi wezinto ezingaphili ziye ngenkuthalo uphenyo, kunqunywa izici zabo ezintsha, ngakho ngezigaba eqondile lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ingakamiswa saveza. Nokho, kungenzeka ukwaba amaqembu athile polymers.

Kuye isakhiwo:

• komugqa;
• flat;
• branched;
• amanethiwekhi polymer;
• unhlangothi-ntathu kanye nezinye.

Kuye main ama-athomu uchungechunge obumba polymer:

• gomotsepnye uhlobo (-M-) n - aqukethe kohlobo olulodwa lwamasosha ama-athomu;
• thayipha hetero (-ML-) n - aqukethe izinhlobo zama-athomu.

Kuye umsuka:

• yemvelo;
• yokufakelwa.

Ukuze nokwenziwa wezinto ezingaphili polymer izinto, okuyinto esimweni ziqinile macromolecules Kudingeka nokuba abe anisotropy ezithile isakhiwo lubandlululo kanye izakhiwo okuhambisanayo.

Izici Key

Okuningi common hetero-polymers lapho kukhona alternation ama-athomu electropositive futhi electronegative ezifana B, N, P no N, Si futhi O. Thola polymers hetero wezinto ezingaphili (PP) ungasebenzisa ukusabela polycondensation. Polycondensation oksoanionami yashesha endaweni esidi, bese polycondensation hydrated cations - e ane-alikhali. I polycondensation kungaba kwenziwe kokubili isixazululo nasesikhathini ukudla okuqinile ebukhoneni ukushisa.

Abaningi hetero polymers wezinto ingatholakala kuphela zamagama ephezulu lokushisa, isibonelo, ngokuqondile izinto ezilula. Ukwakheka carbides, okuyizinto emizimbeni polymeric kwenzeka nokuxhumana ezinye oxides ne-carbon, kanye khona lokushisa eliphezulu.

Gomotsepnye uchungechunge eside (nge ngezinga elithile polymerization n> 100) ifomu carbon futhi p-VI izakhi iqembu sulphur, selenium, tellurium.

polymers Inorganic: Izibonelo kanye Isicelo

I ngokucacile we NP Ukwakheka kwezitho polymeric crystalline izinto ejwayelekile isakhiwo ezintathu-ntathu of macromolecules. Ukuba khona kohlaka kanzima izibopho zamakhemikhali inikeza compounds enjalo ubulukhuni eside.

Le mpahla evumela ukusebenzisa njengoba Abrasives, polymers wezinto ezingaphili. Ukusetshenziswa lezi zinto ithole isicelo ebanzi e umkhakha.

Livelele zamakhemikhali ezishisayo ukumelana IR okungukuthi futhi esibalulekile impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, le micu yokugcizelela zakhiwe polymers organic izinze emoyeni lokushisa 150-220? C. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, boron zemicu nemikhiqizo yalo sizinzile lokushisa 650? C. Yingakho polymers wezinto abathembisa sokuthuthukiswa chemical abasha nezindwangu ukushisa ukumelana.

ukubaluleka Practical futhi babe NP, okuyizinto kokubili eduze ezakhiweni ukuze organic nokulondoloza izindawo zabo ethize. Lezi zihlanganisa phosphate, polyphosphazenes, silicates, polymeric nesibabule oxides namaqembu uhlangothi oluhlukile.

polymers carbon

Umsebenti: "Nikeza izibonelo polymers wezinto" - ngokuvamile atholakala ku-chemistry izincwadi. Kungcono sife it out ebhekisela kakhulu abavelele NP - carbon nemikhiqizo. Phela, lokhu kuhlanganisa izinto nge azifani: idayimane, graphite, carbine.

Carbyne - eyayenziwe wadala, kahle wafunda komugqa polymer nge angenakuqhathaniswa amandla amagugu, hhayi eliphansi, futhi abanye izifundo kanye Graphene aphakeme. Nokho, i-carbine - into engaqondakali. Akubona bonke ososayensi ukwamukela yayo khona njengoba ezimele impahla.

Kubonakala sengathi i-metal-crystalline black powder. It has izakhiwo semiconducting. Conductivity carbyne kwandisa kakhulu ngaphansi isenzo yokukhanya. Akaphelelwa lezi izakhiwo ngisho at okushisa afinyelela ku-5000? C, okuyinto ephakeme kakhulu kunalokho for ezinye izinto injongo enjalo. Inkhulumo lelungiselelwe impahla 60 V Korshak, AM Sladkov, VI Kasatochkin futhi YP Kudryavtsev acetylene ngu namachibi okhanda amanye amathuba. Inkinga enzima okwakufanele izibopho ifomu phakathi ama-athomu carbon. Ngemva kwalokho, ketshezi etholwe kuphela ngezibopho double phakathi kwama-athomu carbon e-Institute of compounds organometallic Akad. Egcekeni inoveli okuthiwa polikumulen.

Graphite - le indaba ka polymer ukuhleleka kuka sisebenza kuphela ku indiza. Ingaphandle lawo kungukuthi wajoyina ngezibopho zamakhemikhali ekuxhumaneni aphakathi buthaka, ngakho-ke uqhuba ukushisa kanye wamanje kanye ayihambisi ukukhanya. Graphite nemikhiqizo yalo - polymers wandile wezinto ezingaphili. Izibonelo ukusetshenziswa: kusukela amapensela embonini zenuzi. graphite oxidizing, ingatholakala namachibi ushintsho.

Diamond - izakhiwo zalo bahluke. Diamond iyona ngekwendzawo (ngakuthathu) polymer. Zonke carbon ama-athomu banamathele nomunye enamandla covalent izibopho. Ngoba i-polymer iqina okuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Diamond kuyinto nonconductive nokushisa, has a isakhiwo okusobala.

boron polymers

Uma ucelwa ngalokho polymers wezinto zaziwa kuwe, zizwe ukhululekile ukuba baphendule - polymers boron (-BR-). Lena ekilasini sasivumela ebanzi NP, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu umkhakha nesayensi.

Boron Carbide - kubukeka ifomula lesifanele (B12C3) n. unit Its iseli - rhombohedral. Athomu Uhlaka ifomu nambili boron kuthiwa covalently ezixhunyiwe. Futhi phakathi it - komugqa iqembu ezintathu covalently eziboshiwe carbon ama-athomu. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ukwakhiwa eziqinile kakhulu.

Borides - zinhlayiya zabo akhiwa efana Carbide ngenhla echazwe. I eziphikelelayo iningi labo HfB2, okuyinto liyancibilika kuphela ezingeni lokushisa 3250 ° C. Okukhulu kunakho chemical ukuzinza waphawula TaB2 - ke asisebenzi iyiphi acid noma Izingxube yalo.

Boron nitride - ngokuvamile ngokuthi ezimhlophe talc okufanako. Lokhu kufana ngempela kuphela ezingabalulekile. Ikhipha ke okungukuthi efana graphite. Thola ngokuhlela ukushisa noma boron oxide ngaphansi kwesimo ammonia.

borazon

Elbor, Borazon, Kibora, kingsongit, CUBONE - ultrahard polymers wezinto ezingaphili. Izibonelo isicelo: ukukhiqizwa amasondo ukugaya, izinto olwalwenza, ukucutshungulwa metal. Kuyinto amakhemikhali izinto inert esekelwe boron. Ukuqina eduze idayimane ezinye izinto. Ikakhulukazi, borazon ushiye imihuzuko phezu idayimane, lona wamuva ishiya imihuzuko ku borazon zinhlayiya.

Nokho, i-NP kunezimo eziningana ezisivunayo phezu amadayimane yemvelo: banayo enkulu ukushisa ukumelana (ongakwazi ukumelana namazinga okubanda afinyelela ku-2000 ° C, idayimane phansi ngamazinga e uhla 700-800 ° C) kanye ukumelana ukucindezeleka mechanical (awayona aphuke kalula). Borazon etholwe ngesikhathi 1350 ° C ukucindezela 62000 Wentorf eziphindwe Robert e ngonyaka ka-1957. izinto ezifanayo impela eLeningrad ososayensi atholwa ngo-1963.

Inorganic sulphur polymers

Homopolymer - lokhu sulphur ukuguqulwa has molecule komugqa. Ingqikithi aluqinile ngaphansi lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni iwela octahedral imijikelezo. Kwakheka esimweni eqeda sulphur esibunjiweyo.

Polymer ukuguqulwa-sulfur dioxide. okufana kakhulu asbestos, isakhiwo fibrous.

selenium polymers

selenium Gray - polymer nge macromolecules Kuvunguza komugqa linamathele ngokulinganisa. Amaketango ama-athomu selenium kuthiwa covalently exhumene futhi ezihambisana macromolecules izibopho yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngisho selenium oncibilikisiwe noma ziyoncibilika akusho ukubola ku-athomu omoya-olulodwa.

selenium Red noma amorphous, futhi, i-polymer iqina uchungechunge, kodwa isakhiwo malouporyadochennoy. Phakathi nalesikhathi lokushisa 70-90? C ozuza izakhiwo rubbery, labona iraba kuyaqina kuka sifana polymers organic.

Carbide, selenium, noma rhinestone. Thermally oqine amakhemikhali, ngokwanele eyizingqabavu crystal ngekwendzawo. Futhi Semiconductor piezoelectric. Ngaphandle kwesibeletho wathola ke ngesikhathi yokusabela asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi ne-carbon esithandweni kagesi ezingeni lokushisa mayelana 2000 ° C.

Okunye selenium polymers:

• selenium Monoclinic - ngaphezulu ngaphambilini kuka ebomvu amorphous, kodwa wawungaphansi grey.
• Selenium dioxide, noma (SiO2) n - simele polymer ngakuthathu crosslinked.
• Asbhestosi - polymer fibre isakhiwo selenium oxide.

phosphorus polymers

Kukhona ukulungiswa eziningi phosphorus asemhlophe, obomvu, omnyama, onsundu, onsomi. Red - NP crystalline isakhiwo esihle. It is etholwe amalahle phosphorus ezimhlophe ngaphandle ukufinyelela air at lokushisa 2500? C. Black phosphorus P. Bridgman etholwe ngaphansi kwale mibandela elandelayo: ukucindezela 200,000 eziphindwe ezingeni lokushisa 200 ° C.

Fosfornitridhloridy - phosphorus compounds nge nitrogen ne-chlorine. I izakhiwo lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ziyahlukahluka nge okwandisa mass. Futhi incipha solubility zabo nezinto eziphilayo. Lapho isisindo yamangqamuzana we polymer ifinyelela amayunithi ayizinkulungwane eziningana, kwakhiwa izidakamizwa rubbery. Lona kuphela ngokwanele carbon-free ukushisa ukumelana zenjoloba. Libhujiswa kuphela emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-350 ° C.

isiphetho

polymers Inorganic e iningi - kwendaba nge azifani. Zisetshenziswa yokukhiqiza, ukwakhiwa, ukwenza izinto ezintsha ngisho izinguquko. Njengoba lolu cwaningo of property NP eyaziwa entsha, ububanzi yabo uyanda.