Plastics ubuchwepheshe, izinhlobo, kukhiqizwa futhi kusetshenziswa

izinto Polymeric - a eliphezulu yamangqamuzana chemical compounds aqukethe monomers malomolekulyarnyh eminingi (amayunithi) isakhiwo esifanayo. Ngokuvamile polymers asetshenziswa womshini yezingxenye monomer ezilandelayo: ethylene, vinyl chloride, vinildenhlorid, vinyl acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde phenol. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuningiliziwe lokho izinto polymeric, kanye amakhemikhali zabo nezindawo ngokomzimba, ngezigaba kanye nezinhlobo.

izinhlobo polymers

Isici yezinhlayiya kwale nto iyona enkulu isisindo yamangqamuzana, okuhambelana ukubaluleka elandelayo: M> 5 * 103. Compounds nge ezisezingeni eliphansi le ipharamitha (M = 500-5000), ukubizwa ngokuthi oligomers. Ngesikhathi ephansi yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds lingaphansi kuka 500. zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinto polymeric: zokwenziwa yemvelo. Lesi sakamuva ngokuvamile okubhekiselwa iraba zemvelo, mica, uvolo, asbestos, i-cellulose, futhi t. D. Nokho, zokwenziwa polymers eziyisisekelo luthathe isikhala uhlamvu okuyinto etholwe inqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama chemical compounds of mangqamuzana ongaphakeme. Kuye indlela yokukhiqiza zokwakha zeqophelo yamangqamuzana, kukhona polymers ezihlukile ukuthi kukhona noma polycondensation, noma ngaphezu ukusabela.

polymerization

Le nqubo i association of ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana izingxenye isisindo in the high isisindo yamangqamuzana ukunikeza ngamaketanga eside. Nenani polymerization ezingeni - inombolo "Mer" ku-molecule kwengoma. Ngokuvamile, izinto polymeric aqukethe kwizinkulungwane ukuze amashumi ezinkulungwane amayunithi. By polymerization, zezakhi ezilandelayo avame ukusetshenziswa: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, nabanye.

polycondensation

Le nqubo iyimpendulo isinyathelo, okuyinto ekhuthaza noma inani elikhulu monomers elifanayo, noma a pair of amaqembu ahlukile (A no B) e polycondensors (macromolecule) kweqembu ngesikhathi esisodwa kulezi by-imikhiqizo: utshwala methyl, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, i-ammonia, amanzi kanye et al. Ukusebenzisa etholwe polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides nezinye izinto polymeric.

polyaddition

Ngaphansi le nqubo ukuqonda ukwakheka polymers okuningi kwalokho ukusabela izingxenye monomeric aqukethe esisheshayo inhlangano umkhawulo, monomers amaqembu unsaturated (imijikelezo esebenzayo noma isibopho double). Ngokungafani polycondensation, polyaddition ukuphendula senzeka ngaphandle ukudedelwa ngu-imikhiqizo. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu lobu buchwepheshe bakholelwa elapha epoxy inhlaka futhi polyurethanes reception.

Ukwahlukaniswa polymers

Ngo ukwakheka, zonke izinto polymer zihlukaniswe wezinto ezingaphili, ama-organic futhi organometallic. Esokuqala kulezi zicelo (ingilazi silicate, mica, asbestos, izinto ezenziwe ngobumba, njll) Musa aqukethe carbon-atomic clock. Ziyakwazi ngesisekelo aluminium oxide, magnesium, i-silicon nokunye okunjalo. D. Organic polymers zimumethe ekilasini yakhula kakhulu, ziqukethe carbon, i-hydrogen, nitrogen, isibabule nomoya-mpilo kanye Halogen. Organometallic izinto polymeric - ayizakhi okuyinto akhiwa ngamaketanga ezinkulu ngaphandle kwalezo ezibalwe, futhi ama-athomu Silicon, aluminium, titanium nezinye izakhi ukuthi zingahlanganiswa ngezinombolo ezizivelelayo organic. Ubunjalo inhlanganisela enjalo azisenzeki. Kuyinto kuphela zokwenziwa polymers. abameleli ejwayelekile kuleli qembu zezakhi ku abicah isisekelo, okuyinto uchungechunge main yakhiwe kusuka umoya-mpilo ne-silicon ama-athomu.

Ukuze uthole polymers nge izakhiwo oyifunayo ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ubuciko akuzona elithi "ubumsulwa" izidakamizwa, futhi inhlanganisela yawo nge izingxenye organic noma wezinto ezingaphili. Isibonelo esihle isakhiwo polymer izinto: metal-zepulasitiki, fiberglass, polymer ukhonkolo.

Isakhiwo polymers

I engavamile we izakhiwo lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu ngenxa isakhiwo zabo okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo: komugqa-branched, komugqa, le ngekwendzawo amaqembu yamangqamuzana ne izakhiwo ezinkulu futhi ucace kakhulu be-Jomethri ezitebhisini. Ake sihlole kafushane ngasinye wabo.

izinto Polymeric nge isakhiwo komugqa-branched kuka amangqamuzana backbone babe amagatsha side. polymers ezinjalo zihlanganisa polypropylene futhi polyisobutylene.

Izinto nge isakhiwo komugqa ube amazombe eside noma basonta ibe Helix chain. macromolecules yabo ngokuyinhloko libhekene ezinikezwa komhlaba iyunithi elilodwa kwesakhiwo noma iqembu amayunithi yochungechunge zamakhemikhali. Nokunye okuningi nge komugqa isakhiwo libhekene khona macromolecules eside ngokwedlulele nge umehluko e ubunjalo izibopho kanye iketango futhi phakathi kwazo. Sisho ukuthi izibopho aphakathi namakhemikhali. Macromolecules izinto ezinjalo kuba nezimo kakhulu. Futhi lokhu impahla ngesisekelo amaketanga polymer, okuholela izici qualitatively entsha: kuyaqina okusezingeni eliphezulu, kanye ukungabi khona brittleness esimweni belashwa.

Futhi manje sifunda ukuthi izinto ezinjalo polymeric nge isakhiwo ngekwendzawo. Lezi izinto yakha ngokuhlanganisa komunye nomunye macromolecules eqinile chemical izibopho ohlangothini transverse. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isakhiwo net, okuyinto has a-non-iyunifomu igridi ngekwendzawo nohlaka. Nokunye okuningi yalolu hlobo babe ephakeme ukumelana nokushisa rigidity kuka komugqa. Lezi izinto kukhona isisekelo eziningi zokwakha-non-metallic.

Ama-molecule izinto polymer nge isakhiwo isitebhisi sakhiwa pair ngamaketanga ezixhunywe ngesibopho zamakhemikhali. Lezi zihlanganisa abicah polymers ukuthi zinezikhathi rigidity yanda, ukushisa ukumelana, ngaphezu kwalokho, abazi uxhumana ezihogelwayo.

Isigaba yokwakheka polymers

Lezi izinto kukhona izinhlelo aqukethe izifunda amorphous futhi crystalline. Eyokuqala yalezi kusiza ukuphungula ukuqina, kwenza polymer nokunwebeka olukwazi deformations enkulu bemvelo emuva. Isigaba crystalline kunomthelela ukwandisa amandla abo, ubulukhuni, wemfihlo nokunwebeka, kanye neminye imingcele, ngenkathi kuncishiswa yamangqamuzana Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo izidakamizwa. Isilinganiso umthamo zonke lezi zindawo ukuze umthamo isamba sibizwa ngokuthi degree of crystallization, lapho izinga esiphezulu (80%) kukhona polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, high density polyethylenes. Izinga eliphansi degree of crystallization babe polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes density ongaphakeme.

Kuye ukuziphatha izinto polymeric phezu Ukushisa, bona zingahlukaniswa zibe thermosetting futhi Thermoplastic.

thermosetting polymers

Lezi izinto eziyinhloko akheke komugqa. Lapho ukufuthelana, bona ukuthambisa, kodwa izinguquko isakhiwo lubandlululo kanye indaba iguqulwe ibe okuqinile ngenxa ukuvuza e zamakhemikhali. Esikhathini esizayo, lolu hlelo izinga inakekelwa. Kuleli isimiso polymeric esiyinhlanganisela izinto. Ukushisa yabo okwalandela akasilulazi indaba, futhi kuphela kuholela nokucekelwa yayo. Ready thermosetting ingxube akusho chaza noma ancibilikise, ngakho-ke Akwamukelekile ukuthi kabusha. Ngu lolu hlobo impahla zihlanganisa epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde nezinye inhlaka.

polymers Thermoplastic

Lezi izinto lapho evuthayo, kuqala ukuthambisa bese ancibilike futhi okwalandela Ukupholisa osemanzi. polymers Thermoplastic lapho ukucubungula enjalo musa nezinguquko zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwenza inqubo esethola ngokuphelele. Izinto zaloluhlobo zinzima komugqa noma branched komugqa isakhiwo macromolecules, phakathi lapho kukhona ibutho elincane, futhi kukhona nhlobo izibopho zamakhemikhali. Lezi zihlanganisa polyethylene polyamide, polystyrene, nabanye. Ubuchwepheshe materials polymeric ezifana Thermoplastic inikeza ekukhiqizeni kwabo ngomjovo ekubumbeni emanzini-ukupholisa amafomu udini, extrusion, igalelo udini, nezinye izindlela.

chemical izakhiwo

Kungenzeka ukuthi polymers ngokuthi e kwale mibandela elandelayo: okuqinile, uketshezi, amorphous, isigaba crystalline, futhi nokunwebeka kakhulu, ukugeleza viscous futhi ukusonteka ingilazi. Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi izinto polymeric ngenxa ukumelana kwabo okusezingeni eliphezulu kwabezindaba ehlukahlukene ezonakalisayo, ezifana acid kanzulu alkalis. Ababona ukungenwa ukugqwala electrochemical. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge okwandisa yamangqamuzana impahla isisindo setshe esiphelele Ukwehla solubility e ezihogelwayo. Futhi polymers kokuba isakhiwo kwendawo, ngokuvamile bangaveziwe wathi eziwuketshezi.

izakhiwo

polymers Iningi kukhona insulators, ngaphezu, zingabantu izinto okungezona kazibuthe. Kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswa kwesakhiwo kuphela banayo ephansi conductivity ezishisayo futhi esiphezulu ukushisa umthamo, futhi ukuncipha ezishisayo (mayelana izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili obukhulu kunobukaJohane metal). Isizathu sokuba ukulahlekelwa yobunzima ezahlukene ukubekwa uphawu yesifunda ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi yiyona okuthiwa vitrification iraba, kanye umehluko okukhulu phakathi okuza sokwanda metal iraba esimweni vitrified.

izakhiwo mechanical

izinto Polymeric abe ezahlukene izakhiwo mechanical okuyizinto sixhomeke kakhulu isakhiwo sabo. Ngaphandle lokhu kulungiselelwa, nethonya elikhulu izakhiwo mechanical of the impahla angase abe ezihlukahlukene izici zangaphandle. Lezi zihlanganisa :. lokushisa, imvamisa, ubude, noma izinga lokukhula ukulayisha, uhlobo isimo wagcizelela, ingcindezi, uhlobo imvelo, ukwelashwa ukushisa, njll engavamile izakhiwo mechanical izinto polymeric ungamandla kwalo kakhulu ngesikhathi ukuqina aphansi kakhulu (njengoba kuqhathaniswa izinsimbi).

I polymers zingahlukaniswa zibe okuqinile, okuhambelana wemfihlo okunwebeka E = 1.10 GPA (fibre, ifilimu, plastic), futhi ezithambile impahla Elastomeric, le wemfihlo kuyaqina u = 1-10 MPA (iraba). Futhi indlela yokuchitheka kokubili zihlukile.

Ukuze izinto polymeric elinesimo anisotropy evelele izakhiwo, kanye ukuncipha kwamandla, ukuthuthukiswa ungangena enikeziwe ukulayisha isikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi esifanayo babe ukumelana kahle eliphezulu yokukhathala. Uma eqhathaniswa izinsimbi, zingabantu kwencika eqinile ngaphezulu izakhiwo mechanical lokushisa. Omunye izici eyinhloko izinto polymeric kuyinto deformability (ductility). Ngokusho lokhu ipharamitha in ezahlukene okushisa yokutholwa ukuhlola nezici zabo eziyisisekelo tekusebenta nakwezobuchwepheshe.

izinto Polymeric for phansi

Manje, ake sicabangele isibonelo sothile samuntu ngokoqobo polymers, ukudalula wonke uhla kungenzeka lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu. Lezi izinto bathole isicelo ebanzi ekwakhiweni kanye ukukhanda kanye imisebenzi yokuqedela, ikakhulu enamathela samaphansi. Ukuthandwa omkhulu kungenxa izici izinto okukhulunywa: zingabantu ukumelana nokuhuzuka, maloteploprovodny, babe ukumuncwa amanzi kancane, uqine ngokwanele liqinile, ifa izimfanelo okusezingeni eliphezulu kapende. Ukwakha ngezinto zokwakha polymeric kungenziwa zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: linoleum (roll), imikhiqizo sheet Izingxube kudivayisi screed. Manje ake sihlole kafushane ngasinye wabo.

Linoleum ezivezwa izinhlobo ezahlukene fillers kanye polymers. Ukwakheka yabo kungase kuhlanganise plasticizers, ukucutshungulwa nezinsiza, kanye pigments. Kuye uhlobo polymer impahla, ukuhlukanisa polyester (Gliphtal), polyvinyl chloride, iraba, kolloksilinovye nezinye ezinengilazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bababukela ikhipha ihlukaniswe linesisekelo kanye sound-, nangokuvikela isisekelo unilamellar futhi multilamellar, ne bushelelezi, lukathayela bese fleecy surface futhi single- ne-multi-umbala.

Amathayela izinto ezenziwe ngokusekelwe izingxenye polymeric, sibe phansi kakhulu nemihuzuko ukumelana, chemical ukumelana nokuqina kwayo. Kuye uhlobo impahla eluhlaza, lolu hlobo imikhiqizo polymer zihlukaniswe kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, iraba, fenolitovye, ibitume tile, kanye nezinhlayiya ebhodi kanye fiberboard.

Izinto ngoba screeds kukhona elula kakhulu futhi ihlanzekile ukusebenzisa, banayo amandla aphezulu. Lezi zithako zingahlukaniswa zibe Polymer-, polymer eziphathekako polyvinyl acetate.