Ukusetshenziswa mercury embonini yesimanje. I izakhiwo kanye nezici mercury

Mercury kuyinto metal kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isetshenziswa cishe yonke imikhakha yezezimboni. Ngakho-ke, emazweni amaningi ngokushesha ukuthuthukisa mercury umkhakha futhi sandise zokusesha ensimini. Kubaluleke kangakanani ukusetshenziswa mercury embonini yesimanje - zama ukuqonda lesi sihloko.

Kuyini mercury

Lo msuka zamakhemikhali metal olulodwa okuyinto ikusimo ketshezi ashisa evamile. I grey uketshezi - ukuthi libukeka mercury isithombe okuyinto ngezansi.

Mercury kungase yokuzigxilisa kuphela okushisa aphansi kakhulu. alchemy Medieval ayikwazanga ukuthola lukhuni we metal. Futhi kuphela 1759 Russian academician MV Lomonosov futhi I. A. Braun wakwazi ukukwenza. Iqiniso lokuthi ngonyaka eRussia ayehlaselwa yesithwathwa olunzima, futhi ngosizo Izingxube ekhethekile, ososayensi baye kwehlisa izinga lokushisa ukuze -56ºS. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo mercury eba yiqhwa futhi yayibukeka njengesikhonyane metal. Ngemva isikhathi eside, ezinye alchemy wathola ukuthi umphumela umumo wokwakha mercury, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla -270ºS.

Mercury emlandweni wesintu

ukuze indoda Mercury waziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala ke zitholakala amarekhodi BC V leminyaka. e. Kuningi wahlola mercury e-India neChina. Kakhulu esikoleni Indian lasendulo of alchemy eyaziwa ngokuthi "Rasayana" noma "ngendlela mercury." It ukwenza ekuthuthukisweni izidakamizwa zokwelapha nezidakamizwa ezahlukene.

abantu sidilizwa wathola mercury emvelweni njengoba cinnabar. Babesebenzisa ke njengoba yayikhiqiza udayi obomvu. Igama elithi "cinnabar" lihlotshaniswa le nganekwane wasendulo futhi kusho "igazi udrako". Lesi sici mercury is elihlobene nezinkolelo zenkolo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babekholelwa ukuthi igazi lababuleweyo ezintabeni sezidalwa engcwele - nodrako. Ngakho-ke i-mercury kubhekwa izidakamizwa ekwelapheni uyakwazi iziguli ngayo. Enye yalezi ejenti zokwelapha kwaba mercury wamafutha.

alchemy lasendulo babekholelwa mercury ngesisekelo zonke izinsimbi nangamandla abo. Babeqiniseka ukuthi mercury nesibabule angakhiqiza igolide. Kodwa ngemva nezinto eziningi ezivivinya futhi ucwaningo, kwaba sobala ukuthi akekho lo mbono ngeke zisebenze. Bangaki ososayensi babulawa bezama ukuvula ifomula ekudalweni igolide. Lezizifundo laqhubeka kwaze-yalolucwaningo 30 XX leminyaka, kwaze kwaba isayensi basungula ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokho zokuwohloka enemisebe, ososayensi baye bathola kusukela isotopes esitebeleni mercury igolide, kodwa babembalwa kakhulu. Futhi intengo metal kuphezulu kakhulu.

Indlela kukhishwe mercury

The main futhi cishe komthombo zezimboni mercury kuyinto cinnabar amaminerali. Siqukethe 86% mercury sulfide, nezinye izakhi - ukungcola ka namanye amaminerali. Ngokuvamile cinnabar ine uhlobo KULETHA okuqinile ocebile ukungcola kanye sifana nangangesihlabathi ukuma okungajwayelekile. Ezingavamile eyakheke zinhlayiya ka rhombohedral, ukuma bipyramidal. Ngezinye izikhathi wathola nozakwabo.

mercury Metallic kusukela cinnabar okulungiselelwe Ukushisa e ishubhu evulekile, esinikela zihlangana nomoya-mpilo. Phakathi Ukushisa, amaconsi amancane mercury flow phansi ngasezindongeni abandayo. Ngokuvamile Ore emizimbeni zenzeka ekujuleni engajulile futhi zivalelwe quartzites, limestones, Dolomites futhi shales. ezifakwa mercury enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni zitholakala Spain, USA, eYugoslavia Slovenia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan. zinhlayiya elikhulu mercury ore misela aseningizimu yeChina kuphela.

I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo mercury

Lokhu amaminerali anezakhi esiyingqayizivele ezivuma ukusetshenziswa mercury embonini yesimanje, okuyisici esibalulekile kuwo. Mercury kubhekwa metal ezinobuthi futhi iyingozi. Kodwa izakhiwo zalo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ezindaweni eziningi umsebenzi womuntu zibalulekile.

izakhiwo

Mercury kuyinto diamagnetic, njengoba kungaba akha ingxubevange okuqinile nezinye izinsimbi kanye compounds uketshezi - ziyinhlanganisela. mercury izinga lokushisa solidification kuyinto -38,83ºS nensimbi amathumba at 356,73 ° C. Ayahwamuka at Igumbi lokushisa. Esinye isici esibalulekile mercury - kuba diamagnetic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqoqa ketshezi zazifakwa amabhola uzibuthe ezivamile akunakwenzeka.

chemical izakhiwo

Njengoba insimbi ezihloniphekayo, mercury uzinzile emoyeni elomile. It baxhumana acid, nosawoti, okungezona izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Nge amanzi, alkalis futhi okungezona oxidizing acid mercury akasabeli. Emazingeni ngenhla 300 ° C ke ihlangana oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama-nitrous mercuric.

Ukusetshenziswa mercury embonini yesimanje

NgeNkathi Ephakathi kwensimbi ketshezi ngenkuthalo kusetshenziswa imithi ukuze ingxube kanye umkhiqizo kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene. Namuhla, akunakwenzeka ukuthola wemboni komnotho ukuthi akasebenzisi mercury. Izakhiwo kanye izicelo yalesi amaminerali echazwe ososayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ezifundweni esayensi.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-mercury isetshenziswa yezelimo imbewu ibala. Ngo umkhakha chemical isetshenziswa kulethe ukwenziwa acetylene acetaldehyde. Ukusebenzisa mercury cathodes ivumela ukuzihlanganisa usawoti soda caustic kanye chlorine.

Mercury iyisici esibalulekile enkulu ekwakhekeni upende ngoba izitsha kwamanzi. Iqiniso lokuthi ukuphila emanzini asolwandle nezilwanyana ezincane enamathiselwe ezinzulwini Imikhumbi neqhaza ukugqwala futhi ukugqoka metal izingxenye. Iqukethe mercury ku inki ngaphansi kwethonya chlorine ulwandle amafomu sulemu ukuthi ubuthi namagciwane ayingozi.

Mercury isetshenziswa ngisho emsebenzini wokukhiqiza wawungathi. Itholakala ngezithako zawo usawoti fluff kahle degreased. esikhundleni Ngezindiza Kuphephe Kakhudlwana, owawuzobanika nomphumela ofanayo, azikakutholi. Futhi, i-mercury uba kulethe ngesikhathi zamagama organic isikhumba ukushuka.

Njengoba sekuphawuliwe, mercury bezilokhu kusetshenziswa imithi. Namuhla, ku osekelwe kuyo ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa isinqandakuvunda futhi isisu. A wamafutha mercury okulungiselelwe eNdiya yasendulo, iresiphi zazo liye lasinda kuze kube namuhla. Ngenxa izakhiwo Ukuqedwa ezinye izinsimbi (tin esiliva) mercury isetshenziswa womshini filling amazinyo.

Ukusetshenziswa mercury embonini nakho ezihlobene ikhono layo ukuze shabalala emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlanza uwoyela. Ngakho, izinga lokushisa ukuhwamuka metal kusiza ukuhlela femu izinqubo.

mercury amathuluzi

izakhiwo Physicochemical kukhona esiyinhloko esenza ukuba yenze ukusetshenziswa mercury kwenzeka amadivayisi ezahlukene kanye nemishini. Metal evala mercury asetshenziswa abaphehla ugesi. amayunithi okunjalo ezisizayo ikakhulukazi uma emhlanganweni amanzi kancane futhi imishini ukupholisa yilona lodwa emoyeni.

Ngo rectifiers kagesi esetshenziswa ne liquid mercury cathode. Bavumela ukuguqula ezintathu okhombisa AC kagesi DC amandla. Ngisho ngezinhloso yezinkanyezi amadivayisi mercury - khathizwe. Sinenkosi esibuthakathaka okubalekile metal ketshezi, ebusweni esebenza njengesibuko ngesikhathi kokuma kwendawo yonke. Futhi ukusetshenziswa mercury e umkhakha yesimanje kubonakala emsebenzini wokukhiqiza ezahlukene okusheshayo futha interrupters thermometer.

Ngo amagatsha amaningi imithi usebenzisa izibani mercury-asebenza ngebhethri, okuyinto zishiswe elinemisebe ultraviolet. Libuye ithuluzi wezokwelapha zibalulekile kuyinto thermometer owaziwa ukukala izinga lokushisa komzimba.

Yeka ukuthi kuyinto mercury: intengo emakethe emhlabeni

Kumiswa intengo mercury is on isimiso esifanayo njengoba nezinye izinsimbi. Ngakho, izindleko lokhu yezimbiwa luncike ivolumu ukunikezela ohlongozwayo mercury ubumsulwa. On izwe emakethe intengo mercury sesehle kakhulu phezu ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Ngakho, uma isilinganiso senani ekupheleni 2014 zaba US $ 75 / kg, ngoMashi 2015 - 55 aseMelika / kg. Kodwa khulula ukuthenga insimbi ketshezi cishe akunakwenzeka, ngoba mercury iphathelene imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali. Ngisho ngoba anawo mercury ezichithekile kuyadingeka ukuze ukhokhe imali ethile.

Njengoba imikhiqizo aqukethe mercury ukubaluleka kwazo kuncike inani metal kanye nezinye izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba ezishibhile thermometer mercury. Inani Pharmacy zazisuka ruble 25 kuya 50.

Mercury kuyinto eziyingozi empilweni

Naphezu ukusetshenziswa kabanzi mercury e umkhakha, kubhekwa chemical kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngu nenqubo ezithi ukubhema kulimaza ukuphila nempilo mercury kungokwalabo lokuqala ekilasini lika ingozi. Ngokuvamile, i-mercury is udle ngu ephefumula ka evala zawo okumelwe zigcinwe, ayinaphunga. It mercury ukuhwamuka kukhona eziyingozi kakhulu.

Ukuze abangele ubuthi nezinkinga zempilo ezinzima, ngempela esincane ukuchayeka amaminerali. Phakathi ukudakwa enkulu sithinta emaphashini, izinso, mzimba, abakaze, isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene, amehlo kanye isikhumba.

Kuye imbangela kanye nemvelo ubuthi ihlukanise izinhlobo imnene, oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki. toxication Easy kwenzeka uma ukudla okunobuthi. Ngemva izingozi amabhizinisi embonini zamakhemikhali noma ngenxa yokuphula ukuphepha wabonakaliswa ifomu okukhulu okunobuthi. Kulokhu, isiguli sinciphile umsebenzi engqondo, ukukhathala, ingavela Ukudlikizela, umbono ukulahlekelwa, impandla, ngisho ukukhubazeka okuphelele. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ubuthi acute kungaba yingozi. ubuthi Okungalapheki kubangelwa ukuchayeka njalo mercury futhi bangase balwisane eside ngemva ekumeni komsebenzi nalo. Abantu ngale ndlela lesi sifo kwandisa ingozi yomfutho ophakeme wegazi, isifo sofuba kanye isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi. Kukhona amacala lapho toxication ezingamahlalakhona kudala izinkinga ezingokwengqondo.

Gxilani ngokukhethekile amadivaysi mercury kufanele sibhekiswe kwabesifazane abakhulelwe. Mercury evala Uyi olukhulu ukuthuthukiswa umbungu. Uma izingane zikhona, kungcono esikhundleni ezivamile mercury thermometer electronic.

Ukulahlwa mercury imfucuza

Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi mercury kunomthelela lokuhlushwa yayo eliphezulu umusi emkhathini emadolobheni amakhulu. Manje yonke indawo usebenzisa izibani Fluorescent aqukethe kusuka 30 kuya ku-300 mg kwensimbi esibunjiweyo. Futhi kwezinye izibani ke kaningana. Ngokwezibalo, unyaka ngamunye abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-100. Lezi izibani babe yaphela indaba yalo futhi zidinga ukwelashwa. ingxenye encane kubo kuphela ubabonisa ukulahlwa ezikhethekile, kanti bonke abanye ngokushesha wathumela ku-landfill, lapho, ngenxa ukubhujiswa ubuqotho mercury ingilazi emkhathini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mercury isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amabhethri nama-accumulator ukuthi musa kabusha ayinhloko. Ngale ndlela, i-ngonyaka landfill uthola amathani angaba ngu-40 mercury. Lesi sibalo sikhulu kakhulu, ngakho le nkinga zokuchithwa kwemfucumfucu ekhiqizwa lezinto mercury-equkethe kuyingozi kakhulu. handling engalawuliwe mercury imfucuza, isimo sengqondo esingafanele esichitha kumadivayisi eliqukethe metal ketshezi, uyingozi empilweni izimpilo zabantu. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi hlobo luni izinkinga kungaletha ezejwayelekile mercury thermometer. Inani handling nokuwubuwula kungenzeka iphileke.

Manje ohulumeni wonke amazwe abasebenza empikiswaneni kabusha imfucuza mercury-aqukethe. Ngenxa yale njongo, kukhona izinkampani ekhethekile bekwi iqoqo engasebenziseki imishini futhi mercury izinto. Kuhlukanisa wabayisa izingxenye (plinths, ingilazi, zensimbi) kanye kusetshenzwe. Kusukela kohlobo ngalunye imfucuza amabhlogo akhiwa, okuyinto Agcwele iziqukathi ekhethekile (anezikhwama ezikhwameni zepulasitiki, amathini) futhi zilethwe ukucutshungulwa indawo.