Whaling Zanamuhla: incazelo, umlando kanye nokuphepha

Kuyini Whaling? Lokhu Whaling ukuze bathole izinzuzo zomnotho, kunokuba ukudla. Kuvuna futhi wasebenzisa inyama whale njengoba ukudla baqala engxenyeni kwekhulu XX yesibili.

imikhiqizo Whaling

Namuhla, wonke wesikole uyazi ukuthi Whaling waqala ukukhiqizwa manoni - uwoyela whale, elalisetshenziswa ekucaleni ukukhanyisa, enkulu ekwakhekeni Jute futhi njengoba zokugcoba. EJapane, amanoni lalisetshenziswa njenge-zinambuzane ngokumelene yisikhonyane emasimini elayisi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubuchwepheshe useshintshe amafutha ekunikeleni izinto esisha esaba. Amanoni Ezilwane ayisasetshenziswa ngoba babasa nje kwakukhona iziketekete kodwa yathela ikhemikhali edingekayo ukuze kwakheke insipho. Futhi esetshenziswa ke ibhekwa amanoni yemifino ekulungiseleleni imajarini njengoba. Glycerol, Isimanga siwukuthi, kuyinto eceleni sokususa fatty acid kusukela Amatebhe.

uwoyela Umkhomo asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amakhandlela, izimonyo futhi amalungiselelo yezokwelapha futhi izindlela, emapeniseli emibala, uyinki linoleum, upende.

inyama Umkhomo ukupheka inyama akhiphe noma njengoba bone powder for kokudla kwezilwane. I abathengi oyinhloko inyama whale ngoba ukudla - Japanese.

Bone powder isasetshenziswa njengendlela Umanyolo wezolimo.

Ukudla pet kuyinto okuthiwa isixazululo inyama umhluzi emva kokwelashwa e autoclaves, imikhiqizo ocebile amaprotheni.

isikhumba Umkhomo eJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II lalisetshenziswa umkhakha nezicathulo womshini ematheni, nokho, njengoba donsile njengoba isikhumba evamile.

Igazi powder ngaphambilini ukusetshenziswa ngenxa okuqukethwe high nitrogen njengendlela Umanyolo, kodwa ngenxa izakhiwo isibopho - njengenhlangano ingcina embonini Woodworking.

Elisuka emzimbeni izicubu whale gelatin okulungiselelwe kusuka isibindi - uvithamini A, kusukela pituitary - hormone okuthiwa i adrenocorticotropic emathunjini - Ambergris. Kwaphela isikhathi eside eJapane insulin pancreatic likhishiwe.

Kuthatha cishe ayisetshenziswa whalebone, okuyinto ngesikhathi esisodwa kwakudingeka womshini corsets, wigs okusezingeni eliphezulu, crinolines, izambulela, ekhishini izitsha, ifenisha kanye nezinye izinto eziningi eziwusizo. Kuze kube manje, kukhona yobuciko neyezandla kusukela isidoda whale amazinyo, umshayeli whale killer nama.

Kafushane, namuhla imikhomo zisetshenziswe ngokugcwele.

Umlando Whaling

Lapho kwazalelwa Whaling kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile Norway. Kakade imidwebo idwala zasemizaneni eyaqala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine, zikhona yini izigcawu ukuzingela imikhomo. Futhi kusukela lapho kufika ubufakazi lokuqala njalo whale yokudoba Yurophu phakathi nenkathi eyiminyaka engu-800-1000 BC. e.

Ekhulwini XII ke ayezingelwa ku imikhomo Basque eBay of Biscay. Kusuka lapho, Whaling waya enyakatho Greenland. I Danes, kwalandela imikhomo British futhi ezingelwa emanzini ye-Arctic. Ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Nyakatfo Melika Nobe whalers weza ngekhulu XVII. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu efanayo ukudoba elifanayo eqale e-Japan.

Ngalezo zinsuku lolu zungu ngomkhumbi. sailboats Whaling zisezincane, nokukhanya emsebenzini hhayi ezikwazi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ezingelwa bowhead imikhomo Biscay nge zazigwedlwa isandla harpoons futhi ezohlatshwa nabo kolwandle, ukuthatha kuphela amanoni futhi whalebone. Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi lezi zilwane ezincane, abazi minza, kokuba ibulewe, bona ongaboshwa saya esikebheni futhi towed kuya ogwini noma isikebhe. Kuphela Japanese sebelithathile olwandle weqembu lemikhumbi izikebhe ezincane nge amanetha.

Esikhathini XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka, isimo sendawo umkhakha Whaling ukhulile, ke ashaqe sesihlasela ingxenye eseningizimu ye-Atlantic, yePacific Oceans Indian, South Africa kanye Seychelles.
Esikhathini enyakatho whalers beqala ukumfunisisa le bowhead nemikhomo kwesokudla, imikhomo yohlobo lwe-humpback futhi, kamuva, eGreenland, Devisovom Strait eduze Spitsbergen, e kwezilwandle we Beaufort, Bering futhi amaChukchi.

Sesifikile isikhathi lapho inhlendla yasungulwa umklamo omusha, okuyinto, nezinguquko ezincane isekhona, futhi inhlendla isibhamu. Ngesikhathi imikhumbi kwathathelwa indawo umusi, ngejubane elikhulu futhi maneuverability futhi kakhulu emikhulu. Kulokhu, Angikwazanga ukushintsha futhi Whaling. ekhulwini le-19 nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji kuye kwaholela kuqothulwe pheze ephelele labantu bushelelezi futhi imikhomo bowhead, ukuze ekuqaleni Ekhulwini leminyaka elizayo, saphela Whaling British e-Arctic. ukuzingela isikhungo ku ezincelisayo zasolwandle wathuthela elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, ukuze Newfoundland and olusentshonalanga Afrika.

Ngo amabili Whaling ekhulwini safinyelela iziqhingi iNtshonalanga ye-Antarctic. Elikhulu izimboni sintanta amatheku ezivikelekile, izitsha kamuva-lesizalo, nge kusungulwa whalers engasatholi incike ogwini, kwaholela ekusungulweni yokusebenza mabutho sogu lolwandle. izindlela ezintsha lamafutha ukucutshungulwa whale, owawungumnyaka impahla eluhlaza enkulu ekwakhekeni nitroglycerine ukuba i-dynamite, kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi imikhomo zibé ziningi kangakanani, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ilitshe zinhlobo zamasu.

Ngo-1946, kwase kunesiqiniseko-International Whaling Commission, kamuva elaba umzimba usebenza soMthetho-sisekelo International koMthethonqubo Whaling, okuyinto ngaba cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, izimayini imikhomo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi ka Whaling commercial kuze seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, abaholi kule ndawo baye Norway, iGreat Britain, Holland, USA. Ngemva kwempi, bona kwathathelwa indawo Japan, kulandele eSoviet Union.

Harpoons futhi inhlendla izibhamu

Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-XIX esikhathini samanje nosuku Whaling commercial akuyona ngaphandle inhlendla isibhamu.

whaler Norwegian Svend Foyn owasungula le isibhamu inhlendla kanye umklamo entsha kuso. Kwakuyisikhathi isikhali esindayo kule isisindo 50 kg kanye ubude ngamamitha amabili, umkhonto, insabula-amabhomu ekupheleni zazo ogibele imilenze, ukudonsa phansi kakade emzimbeni umkhomo, bese ugcine njengethuba ihange, ekuvimbeleni ominzayo. Ibid abethela ibhokisi lensimbi yimpuphu esibuthakathaka ingilazi nge sulfuric acid, eyasebenza njengodonga fuse lapho base waphula ukudalula amvikele ngaphakathi kwesilwane esilimele. Kamuva, lo mkhumbi salandelwa detonator akude.

Njengoba ngaphambili, futhi manje harpoons eyenziwe ngensimbi nokunwebeka kakhulu Swedish, abazi ukuphula ngisho nalapho jerks enamandla kakhulu whale. Nge inhlendla exhunywe tench eziqinile abangamakhulu amaningana budze.

Ububanzi kokudubula isibhamu nge obuphelele esekhonjwe elilodwa futhi ububanzi 75-90 mm isiteshi safinyelela 25 amamitha. Le libanga kwakwanele, ngoba ngokuvamile umkhumbi wawusondela umkhomo cishe kwavela. isibhamu Okokuqala icala emgqonyeni, kodwa design okusungulile ongenantuthu neziqhumane washintsha futhi waba necala breech. Ngu design inhlendla isibhamu akuhlukile i wezikhali abavamile nge sextant elula inhlamvu indlela, ikhwalithi kanye nempumelelo umlilo njengasekuqaleni, futhi manje kuncike ikhono harpooner.

whaler

Njengoba ukwakhiwa umusi kuqala bese ukwethula kokubili umusi diesel whalers, naphezu nokuthuthukisa ithekhnoloji, izimiso eziyisisekelo akukashintshi. whaler evamile umnsalo blunt nolukhuni le zigoqiwe cheekbones kabanzi umshini ohambisa uhlobo, ukuhlinzeka maneuverability yanda, ohlangothini aphansi kakhulu futhi forecastle okusezingeni eliphezulu, eba ijubane ifindo 20 (umhlaba 37 km / h). Intuthu noma diesel amandla plant ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 5. L. a. Lo mkhumbi ifakwe navigation kanye namadivayisi yokusesha.

I kwezikhali yakhiwa inhlendla izibhamu, indophi umkhomo i edonsa ukuze ohlangothini compressor ngoba efutha isidumbu nokuqinisekisa buoyancy yayo, ngisho Foynom yasungulwa ukumiswa kohlelo nge ikhoyili iziphethu nezintwa izipilingi ukuvimbela ukudabuka phakathi lin harpooned isilwane jerks.

umsebenzi whalers

Izinguquko kule mibandela ukuzingela izilwane eziningi zasolwandle ezincelisayo, futhi ebonakala Whaling iseluleko ukuphepha ayidingeki. Kodwa lokhu akulona icala.

Whaling senzeka ezilwandle enyakatho ngamakhulu amakhilomitha ukusuka ogwini noma isizinda elintantayo, ngokuvamile phakathi nesiphepho.

Big enamandla isivinini izikebhe ukuzingela imikhomo emikhulu. ukuthatha kuphela blue whale whaler yesimanje - amakhono eside kakade. Futhi manje, naphezu amathuluzi search, ohlezi phezu insika ku "isidleke likhale sika" SENTINEL, kanye harpooner has ukuqagela yekuhambisa sandla sesilwane omkhulu futhi uzivumelanise ijubane lakhe, emi oshayelayo. Kuvele umzingeli onolwazi kungakwenza ukuqondisa isikebhe ukuze umkhomo ikhanda vynyrnuvshego ukugwinya umoya useduze ekhaleni lomkhumbi eduze ukuze ukwazi ukubheka blowhole isilwane omkhulu sika. Kuleli qophelo, the harpooner okuhambisa oshayelayo ayo futhi esiqala kwebhuloho kuya isibhamu. Wabe hhayi kuphela uqaphe ukunyakaza sesilwane, kodwa futhi uqondisa helmsman.

Lapho whale zaglotnuv emoyeni, kwehlisa ikhanda lakhe ngaphansi kwamanzi, phezu ekuboniseni emuva kwakhe, kule mzuzwana harpooner futhi amahlumela, ukuthatha ngokucophelela inhloso. Ngokuvamile eyodwa hit akwanele, le vyvazhivayut whale njengoba izinhlanzi, umkhumbi kusondzela kuye, futhi ulandela shot entsha.

Isidumbu indophi yakhishwa kwamanzi, ngokusebenzisa tube ulele ne emoyeni futhi anamathela pole ne pennant noma ebhokisini, okuyinto aboshelwe Transmitter, uyonquma semikhawulweni fin umsila, usike esikhumbeni inombolo ye-serial washiya ukuzulazula.

Ekupheleni ekuzingeleni zonke izidumbu ukukhukhuleka akhethiwe bese towed kuya umkhumbi-kwesibeletho noma ogwini esiteshini.

iziteshi Coast

Kumiswa isiteshi coast is emhlabeni ukushelela enkulu nge indophi enamandla lapho imikhomo bayavuswa ukusika nokwakha ukugawulwa imimese. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi boilers elise: kulolu hlangothi - lokunikeza amanoni, elinye - for ekwelapheni ingcindezi kwenyama bone. Ngo bokushisa amathambo inyama amanoni ngemva ekunikeleni omisiwe nechobozekile ngamaketanga asindayo izihibe, okuyinto kuhoxisiwe ngaphakathi kwesithando somlilo cylindrical, bese nepepper kumuntu powder e Izigayo akhethekile awafaka izikhwama. imikhiqizo Iphele zigcinwa emafektri kanye amathangi. On yesimanje ogwini-agibele amahhashi autoclave mpo futhi bokushisa yokunyathelisa.

Inqubo neKwakha manoni ukuhlaziywa kwenziwe laboratory yamakhemikhali.

ifektri elintantayo

Phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala we izimboni elintantayo, okuyinto manje ziyafa base lokuqala esetshenziswa umgibeli imikhumbi emikhulu kwezohwebo noma eguquliwe.

Isidumbu inqanyulwa emanzini, wagibela ibhodi kuphela ungqimba onamafutha peretaplivalsya ebhodini, nezidumbu zazo aphonswa kolwandle ukuba sidliwe izinhlanzi. Amalahle ayelinganiselwe, isikhala esanele, ngakho imishini ukwenziwa fertilizer zezinkantolo akazange abe. Izidumbu zisetshenziselwa izinto ezingenangqondo, kodwa ezimbonini elintantayo kwadingeka okumbalwa. Okokuqala, akuzange kudingeke ukuba ukuqasha indawo isiteshi ogwini. Okwesibili, ukuhamba ifektri ivumela ukuletha manoni zilibangise ngomkhumbi owodwa, akukho ukudonsa amathangi somhlaba.

Kakade ekhulwini XX wakhela ocean Whaling imikhumbi anemisila ubuchwepheshe bamuva, zingase ligcinwe amasheya elikhulu fuel namanzi aphuzwayo. Kwakumelwe-lesizalo lempahla kwakuxhunyaniswa encane mabutho Whaling.

Inqubo kwezobuchwepheshe ukusika nokucutshungulwa amafutha ezitsheni ezinjalo, naphezu umehluko imishini, kwaba cishe iyafana eziteshini ugu.

izimboni eziningi kwakukhona umnkantsha imishini loin whale inyama, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukudla.

Modern Whaling uhambo

Whaling Modern ukhawulelwe izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ku catch kanti isikhathi isizini ukuzingela, Nokho, okuyinto, akazange sifeze wonke ezweni.

Isakhiwo umkhumbi uhambo Whaling ingena kwesibeletho, nezinye Whaling imikhumbi yesimanje, kanye Veterans abenza yokudonsa izidumbu sintanta namafemu ukulethwa ukudla, amafutha kanye namanzi kusuka elisekela ngemikhumbi wahlanganyela yosesho kanye sokudubula imikhomo.

Kwenziwa imizamo ukucinga imikhomo kusukela emoyeni. A isixazululo omuhle kwaba ukusebenzisa ezinophephela emhlane ukuyohlala emphemeni of komkhumbi omkhulu, njengoba kwaba njalo e-Japan.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, i-imikhomo babe maphakathi uzwela zomphakathi nokunakwa, futhi nenombolo kwezinhlobo eziningi ngenxa overhunting uye waqhubeka ukunqaba. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi cishe zonke izinhlobo imikhiqizo Whaling kakade esikhundleni yokufakelwa.

Ngo nengcosana, eqhubeka Whaling Norway, ngaphakathi catch bemdzabu - Greenland, Iceland, eCanada, e-United States, Grenada, Dominica kanye St Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling Japan

EJapane, ngokungafani namanye amazwe, wake waziphatha Whaling, ikakhulukazi lwesayensi whale inyama, la manoni bese kuphela.

Isakhiwo yesimanje Whaling Japanese mikhankaso ngempela zihlanganisa ngesitsha ehlukile, isiqandisi, okuyinto eqandisiwe misela noma abathengwé whalers inyama European.

Sebenzisa harpoons yokuzingela imikhomo amaJapane ziqale ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, nekwandzisa umtsamo catch ngezinye izikhathi nokwelula ukudoba hhayi kuphela Sea of Japan, kodwa futhi olusenyakatho-mpumalanga iPacific.

Whaling Modern eJapane kuze kube muva nje ukuthi wagxila ikakhulu e-Antarctic.

Whaling weqembu lemikhumbi emazweni ahlukahlukene yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze imishini yesayensi. Sonar kubonisa ibanga nomkhomo futhi ohlangothini ukunyakaza yayo. izinga lokushisa agesi kuthola ngokuzenzakalelayo izinga lokushisa ushintsho ezingqimbeni kwamanzi. Nge bathythermograph ukucacisa izici kwabo amanzi kanye nokusatshalaliswa mpo kwezinga lokushisa lamanzi.

isamba okunjalo imishini yesimanje kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bathethelele Japanese Whaling esayensi value idatha kanye imaski ukuzingelwa uvinjelwe International Whaling Commission zilwane catch kwezohwebo.

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi e-US nase-Australia, kuyaphikisana Japan ukuvikela ezisengcupheni ezingavamile zama-imikhomo.

Australia wakwazi izinqumo weNkantolo International, okuyinto unqabela Japan ukuqhuba Whaling e-Antarctic.

Japan kuzingelwa imikhomo namabhange abo, echaza emasikweni nasemadolobhaneni angasogwini sabantu. Kodwa ukudoba bemdzabu kuvunyelwe kubantu kuphela bani inyama whale ingenye izinhlobo ezinkulu ukudla.

Whaling eRussia

Oku-wamavukelambuso Russia wayengekho phakathi abaholi Whaling. imikhomo abadlala Pomors uzihlanganisa, abakhileyo Peninsula Kola futhi Chukotka abantu bomdabu.

Whaling eU.SSR isikhathi eside, kusukela ngo-1932, liye bagxila Ekude. I weqembu lemikhumbi lokuqala Whaling "Aleut" yayinama ezintathu kitobazy futhi whalers. Ngemva kwempi ePacific eziqhutshwa 22 umkhumbi Whaling nanhlanu ukusika elisekela ugu, futhi 60s -. Kitobazy "Far East" futhi "Vladivostok"

Ngo-1947, wafika ogwini Antarctic Whaling imikhumbi "Inkazimulo", okuyinto evela eJalimane ku yokulungisa umonakalo. Ukwakheka kwalo kwaba kucutshungulwa umkhumbi edepho futhi 8 whalers.

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XX esifundeni aseqalile Whaling weqembu lemikhumbi "-Ukraine ephethwe amaSoviet" futhi "Russia namaSoviet", futhi kamuva kancane i- "Yury Dolgoruky" lezisekelo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni elintantayo, yakhelwe ukucubungula 75 imikhomo ngosuku.

Kude Whaling Soviet Union yaphela ngo-1987. Ngemva Union eshicilelwe idatha ukwephulwa mabutho Soviet quota IWC.

Namuhla, njengengxenye zokudoba yabomdabu base-Chukotka Autonomous District olwenziwa ugu ukukhiqizwa quota kwemikhomo grey futhi Beluga imikhomo ngesikhathi imvume IWC ekhishwe Rosrybolovstvo.

isiphetho

Lapho ukuvinjelwa okudoba ngenjongo yezentengiselwano, uqalile alulame inani humpbacks nemikhomo blue kwezinye izindawo kwezilwandle.
Kodwa labantu imikhomo okulungile Nenkabazwe zisekhona ngaphansi usongo lokuqothulwa. Ukukhathalela engumuzi imikhomo bowhead yoLwandle Okhotsk kanye imikhomo grey ntshonalanga iPacific. Kungaba sekwephuze kakhulu uma izama ukumisa ekubhujisweni ngesihluku yalezi ezincelisayo zasolwandle.