"Zenit" rocket. Ukulekelela 11K77 ( "Zenith")

RN 11K77 «Zenit» - ekilasini leSisemkhatsini, eyenzelwe ukubeka ku Earth orbit ikumodi ngokuzenzekelayo iziphuphutheki civil nakwezempi nemikhumbi-mkhathi bavimba imigwaqo. Kukhona ezimbili kanye ezintathu isigaba ukuguqulwa. I kaphalafini esetshenziswa njengoba uphethiloli ibanga WG-1 ne-oksijini ketshezi.

ISIBONELO Okusizayo wokubambisana

On umbuzo missile "Zenit" Russian noma Ukrainian, akulula ukuphendula. Izakhi eziyinhloko kwesakhiwo zenzelwe laseDnepropetrovsk CB imizamo "Wik" onjiniyela Soviet nososayensi. Ngemva kokuwa Ebhizinisi Union Design Bureau weza engaphansi kwe-Ukraine, ukugcina umsebenzi wakhe iphrofayli futhi waqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa we "Zenit" chungechunge. Yakha ezicitshwayo futhi eyenziwa inkampani laseDnepropetrovsk "Yuzhmash".

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ama-elementi wedizayini ebalulekile athuthukiswe futhi akhiwe amabhizinisi Russian. Ikakhulukazi, booster uphawu "DM" ezikhiqizwa RKK "Amandla", kanye nama-liquid rocket izinjini RD 171 futhi RD-171M - NPO "ENERGOMASH". Ngokuvamile, izinkampani Russian ukuphakela 70% yezingxenye. Singasho ukuthi "Zenith" - rocket Ukraine, futhi ukugxusha yayo - Russian.

Umlando sokudalwa

CB "South" ekuqaleni lakhiwa ezimbili isigaba rocket "Zenith" onenkomba 11K77 e ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 - 1980 zakuqala, ngokuvumelana umsebenzi eMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-USSR unayo imoto kwethulwa ukuthi ingakusiza ukuba masinya ugcwalise iqembu iziphuphutheki lempi.

Ngakho, lapho ukuklama ukunakekelwa okukhethekile sakhokhwa nokwethenjelwa, lula ukusetshenziswa kanye nesivinini belungiselela kwethulwa, okuyinto yafinyelelwa ngokusebenzisa olubanzi Standardization kanye ezishintshayo. Okunika ekilasini esindayo nge ncazelo, akukwazi ephathekayo, ngakho abaklami igcile ukuklama ekilasini RN phakathi.

Ngokungafani izinhlelo athuthukile kule minyaka edlule, kuleli design isebenzisa eziphambili kakhulu ukuqeqeshwa ubuchwepheshe bese uqale-up, ithuthukiswe SRI SK, SE umlingani "CB" Wik "kumaphrojekthi eziningi.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa indiza

Aseqala kwethulwa rocket yenethiwekhi senzeka ngo-April 1985, lapho kwaba engavamile njengoba okuphindayo. Kuphumelele ukuqala eyenziwa ngo-Okthoba 1985. Ekuqaleni, lo eziyinkimbinkimbi igxile okukhipha tekusebenta satellites ezempi kanye ezimbili-ukusetshenziswa izinhlelo, kodwa kamuva kwakukhona shift kwethulwa iziphuphutheki kwezohwebo.

Umkhakha wesibili kwesicelo inguqulo yasekuqaleni "Zenit-2» 11K77 kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukubalekela sasemkhathini "Mir" ne nezisebenzi emkhunjini. Ukuze athobele zonke izidingo for izimoto kwethulwa inabasebenzi mkhathi e "Zenit" ukwakhiwa eside komsebenzi yangaphakathi futhi kuthathwe ezinye izinyathelo eziningi ngcono ukuthembeka sase sibekiwe.

The main design nemingcele

"Zenith" - rocket, izici kanye nomklamo imingcele kabani lobuchwepheshe zivumelana emazingeni aphakeme omhlaba. Kudingeka siyinake ngokukhethekile iqiniso lokuthi engaphezu kuka-90% we mass ingqikithi izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze wabelane nophethiloli. Ngakho, ukwakhiwa kokubili izigaba ingenye best Astronautics yesimanje.

Ngokuphathelene esigabeni 1st ngokuyinhloko ngenxa ukusebenza high RD171M injini, kanye ukuntuleka booster lateral. Ukungabikho ohlangothini accelerators eminye lula belungiselela kwethulwa, njengoba omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi 'Zenit "kwamanye izimoto kwethulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umklamo esiteji esebenza kahle kakhulu, wanciphisa inani nezisetshenziswa ze-pyrotechnic, futhi kwandisa nokwethenjelwa yonkana ngokuhlala isidingo indlela ngokuhlukana le accelerators ohlangothini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anhlobonhlobo yokusingatha zonke izigaba indiza ivumela ukwethulwa "Zenith" at ezahlukene emoyeni ngesivinini futhi izimo sezulu ezahlukene, nakho kunomthelela ukususwa okufika ngesikhathi futhi olunembile Inkokhelo.

izinhlelo eziyisisekelo

On the RN has a isethi egcwele ku-ibhodi zikagesi for ukusebenza ohlelweni telemetry. Ugibelile Telemetry System "Sirius" Tmi inikeza yokudlulisela iziteshi ezimbili omsakazo ehlukaniselwe NPC ezikhona, etholakala endaweni yeRussia.

Ukwahlukana izinyathelo - "efudumele": usebenzisa ukuqondisa injini isiqalo esiteji 2, ubhidliza mezhstupennyh uxhumano mechanical nokuhlale unyathela amabhuleki, nge ezine SRM ingxenye separable we esigabeni sokuqala. Ngemva ukususwa yayo eziqhele siphela booster esiteji 2nd.

RN efakwe izinhlelo ezilandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza yayo kanye nokusebenza indiza:

• lawula ukusekela ngokulondoloza uhlelo;
• uhlelo nokukala;
• wathi izingxenye uketshezi uphethiloli supply uhlelo;
• fuel uhlelo ukusetshenziswa control;
• refueling elawula uhlelo;
• ukuphepha kwendiza;
• lokushisa air uhlelo ukulawula a umfutho ophakeme ;
• izakhi control lokushisa;
• thermostating izakhi uhlelo;
• uhlelo wokubacindezela;
• pozharopreduprezhdeniya uhlelo.

sesimanje

"Zenit-2" ngemva kokuwa eU.SSR akuyona sembelwa la mavangeli. inkampani Ukraine "Yuzhmash" baqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa iphrojekthi "Zenith" ngokubambisana nabalingani Russian angaphandle. missile izinhlelo, okuvumela ukuba afeze ukuqalisa lisemhlabathini ( "Zenit-2SL B", "Zenit-3SL B", "Zenit-3SL BF") futhi kusukela ezisekelweni sogu lolwandle ( "Zenit-3SL") Kuye kwasungulwa. Cishe zonke iqala ezicitshwayo umhlaba-esekelwe eyenziwa Baikonur.

International iphrojekthi "Sea Launch" lahlelwa ngo-1995 imizamo yenkampani American wakwaBoeing Commercial Space (40% inhlokodolobha), i-RKK Russian "Amandla" (25%), Software Ukrainian "Pivdenmash" futhi CB "South" (share ingqikithi 15%) kanye Abakhi bemikhumbi Norwegian Aker Solutions (20%). Inhloso iyona manje esikahle futhi engabizi ukwethulwa kolwandle "Odyssey" platform sise yenkabazwe. Sekukhomba missile ukuhlolwa ngempumelelo. Kusukela ngo-1999 liye eyenziwa 32 kwethulwa commercial ophumelele "Zenit-3SL», futhi 4 kuhlulekile. Okwamanje, ngenxa ukuphelisa ituthuko engakalungi e-Ukraine, ohlangothini Ukrainian kuphrojekthi okwesikhashana iqhaza yayo.

esigabeni sokuqala

Ukwakhiwa esigabeni sokuqala "Zenit" kuhlanganisa:

• mezhstupennuyu Uhlaka;
• RD171 (RD171M) injini;
• isigaba ngumsila;
• amafutha kanye oxidizer amathangi.

Mezhstupennaya Uhlaka limelela inguquko gumbi truss ashiselwe. Yena ukukhwezwa uhlangothi ibhodi elektropnevmorazemov ukuhlinzeka ukuxhumana izinhlelo, kwethulwa imoto nemikhumbi-mkhathi ezifanele izinhlelo phansi ezisekelwe ukuqala ILV.

Amathangi fuel ezibekwe PGSP izingxenye ezishintshayo, izinzwa VHC, Surte, ethangini oxidizer, ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo pressurization amasilinda ezifakiwe. Isigaba umsila ibekwe RD171M ezine-chamber injini okuyinto nge kushaft ozimele efakwe ephansi ekupheleni uzimele.

injini RD171

Sokuphehla amandla yakhelwe ukudala traction nokulawula imizamo kuwo wonke njengoba sinjalo iziteshi RCN. Lokhu injini wamiswa ngo kusaqalwa zonke ukulungiswa "Zenit". Rocket futhi manje ifakwe eziphambili RD171M ukuguqulwa. Injini izinguquko design abangu okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza ngcono ngokuthembeka kwalo kanye nokusebenza.

Ngo RD171 wathola zisebenzisa yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe okuthuthukile okusamanzi rocket izinjini akhiwa izinkampani Russian emkhakheni injini. Okwamanje ukuguqulwa RD171M iyona LRE ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, wagxila yayo esizoqala (emhlabeni) kukhona 740.

Eyesibili esiteji

Ukwakhiwa esiteji "Zenit" lesibili kuhlanganisa:

• module insimbi;
• booster rd-120;
• RD8 eziqondisa injini.
• oxidizer nophethiloli amathangi;
• kwesigaba umsila.

Insimbi module main ingxenye elise ugibelile electronic control apharathasi uhlelo nokulinganisa uhlelo. Ngo fuel amathangi, njengasezulwini esigabeni sokuqala, izinzwa ahlelwe Surte, VHC, PGSP izingxenye ezishintshayo ethangini oxidizer - amasilinda supercharging uhlelo.

kwesigaba Tail ne cylindrical riveted imvilophi kwesakhiwo yokuhlala motor block ehlanganisa a twin injini ngamandla RD-120 kanye isikwele eziqondisa RD8 injini.

"Zenith": rocket futhi imininingwane yayo

Phakathi ukusebenza kwezimoto kwethulwa "Zenith" zonke izinhlobo 82 ukuqala iye yenziwa, iningi zokugcina zaphumelela (69 siqala), 4 - kancane akuphumelelanga, asele ngokungavamile.

• Missile obuphelele: 57-59,6 m.
• Inani izigaba 2 noma 3.
• I ububanzi esiphezulu 3.9 m.
• Inkokhelo: amathani angu-15 ukuze Sea Launch uhlelo, 13.7 m - for izinhlelo eliwumhlaba.
• Ukuqala isisindo: amathani 445-462.

Naphezu kwesibonelo wokubambisana yimpumelelo kwi international Uhlelo "Zenith", missile okwamanje ekhiqizwa ngenxa isimo engazinzile e-Ukraine.