Ukwethulwa wokuqala rocket emkhathini. missile ukuqalisa kwakamuva. Izibalo Space Launch

Namuhla, njalo kwethulwa rocket, okuyinto watshela ezindabeni, kubonakala ingxenye yokuphila. Nasithakazelo komuntu zabantu abavamile, njengoba umthetho, kuphakama kuphela uma kuziwa amaphrojekthi enhle ukuhlola umkhathi noma uma ingozi embi. Nokho, akunjalo kudala, ekuqaleni Engxenyeni leminyaka elidlule yesibili, njalo uqale ezicitshwayo wenza ngesikhathi ukufriza lonke lelo zwe, ngokuba ukuphumelela nokwehluleka wabukela konke. Kwakubuye e ekuqaleni engu isikhala US, bese wonke amazwe lapho uhlelo unfurled indiza yabo ukuba izinkanyezi. Yilokho ukuphumelela nokwehluleka yaleyo minyaka wabeka isisekelo phezu kwayo anda rocket isayensi, futhi nalo amasayithi sokuqaliswa, futhi imishini eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu. Kafushane, missile nge nomlando wayo, isakhiwo, izici nezibalo azinake.

Into esemqoka in a Ngamafuphi

Ukulekelela kuyinto ukwehluka kohlelo multistage missile ballistic, ogama njongo iwukuba ukuqedwa izimpahla ezithile esikhaleni. Kuye umsebenzi kwabangela ama-apharathasi rocket ngenisa it uzungeza emzileni geocentric, noma wenze ukusheshisa ukubalekela amandla adonsela phansi indawo eMhlabeni.

Ezimweni eziningi, ukwethulwa rocket kungenxa isikhundla salo uqotho. Kakhulu uyisebenzise emoyeni ekuqaleni uhlobo uma umshini is kuqala nge-izindiza noma enye idivayisi efanayo kumuntu ukuphakama ethile, bese ukusebenzisa.

multistage

Enye indlela ukuze uhlukanise rocket - isibalo izigaba zabo abamelwe. Iinsetjenziswa kuhlanganise ezingeni eyodwa kuphela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo uyakwazi ukukhulula a Inkokhelo emkhathini, kuze kube manje, manje kusele kuphela iphupho abaklami onjiniyela. I protagonist ngesikhathi Ukwethulwa kwesayithi zomhlaba - kungaphefumuli multi-esiteji. Eqinisweni, it siqukethe rocket eziningana oxhumene ukulandelana ihlanganisa indiza uphinde unqamule sebeqedile umgomo wayo.

Isidingo sokuba ilungiselelo elinjalo ubunzima sokunqoba adonsela phansi eMhlabeni. Missile kumele ukhiphe ebusweni isisindo ayo, ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi ton amafutha kanye ngamandla uhlelo, futhi Inkokhelo isisindo. Ngo iphesenti imigomo, lona wamuva kuba% 1.5-2 kuphela nenqwaba ukwethulwa rocket. Detaching indiza qeda izinyathelo kusiza umsebenzi uhlala futhi wenze indiza kahle. Encwadini ukwakhiwa okunjalo kukhona sinazo: kwenza izimfuno ekhethekile cosmodrome. Dinga i-zone khulula zabantu, lapho esigabeni wachitha uyowa.

Reusability

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi ukwakhiwa okunjalo, esiphakamayo ingasetshenziswa hhayi ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa. Nokho, ososayensi njalo sisebenzela ukudala amaphrojekthi efanayo. Ngokugcwele alikho ngenxa isidingo ukusebenzisa zobuchwepheshe rocket esebenza kuze kube manje, abantu ayikatholakali. Noma kunjalo, kukhona luyasetshenziswa uhlelo uhlelo kancane esebenza - iyona American "okomkhathi". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi esinye sezizathu ukuthi onjiniyela ezilwela ukudala rocket esebenza - yisifiso ukunciphisa izindleko izimoto kwethulwa. Nokho, "okomkhathi" akuzange imiphumela elindelekile ngalo mqondo.

Eyokuqala rocket kwethulwa

Uma uya emuva emlandweni inkinga, ukubonakala rocket langempela kwandulelwe ukudalwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo ballistic. Omunye wabo, German "V-2" eyayisetshenziswa baseMelika ukuze imizamo ngowokuqala "nesi- nyathelo 'yonke. Ngitjho nangaphambi kobana ipi, ekuqaleni kuka-1944, eziningi iphelela mpo Kwakuseshwa. Lo rocket safinyelela engamamitha 188 km.

Imiphumela Okubaluleke lifinyelelwe emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Kube kwethulwa missile e-US ngo-landfill White Sands. Lalinama izigaba ezimbili: kweminsalo 'V-2 "futhi" WAC-Corporal "futhi wakwazi ukufinyelela ukuphakama 402 km.

Ukulekelela Okokuqala

Nokho, ekuqaleni engu Isikhala ngonyaka ka-1957. Ngabe sengiqala real kuqala njalo umqondo rocket yenethiwekhi, iSoviet "Sputnik". Ukwethulwa kwenziwa ngesikhathi Baikonur Cosmodrome. Lo rocket uye babhekana ngokuphumelelayo nokuphazamiseka lo msebenzi - ayifake orbit ngowokuqala yokufakelwa Earth satellite.

Ukwethulwa "Sputnik" kanye ukuhlela kabusha yayo "Sputnik-3" kukhicite ingqikithi kane, ezintathu zazo zaphumelela. Khona-ke, ngesisekelo kule yunithi sidaliwe wonke umndeni izimoto kwethulwa, zinezikhathi izindinganiso eziphakeme kwamandla namanye izici.

Ukwethulwa emkhathini, ekhiqizwa ngo-1957, kwaba isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando ngezindlela eziningi. It kwaphawula ukuqala isigaba esisha ukuhlola wobuntu eziluzungezile, empeleni wavula inkathi isikhala, bakhomba amathuba kanye ukulinganiselwa inqubo isikhathi, wanika USSR inzuzo enkulu phezu Melika emncintiswaneni isikhala.

Isigaba yesimanje

Namuhla kubhekwe enamandla kunazo booster rocket "Proton-M" akhiqizwa Russia, US "Delta-IV Heavy», kanye European "Ariane 5". Ukwethulwa lolu hlobo ikuvumela ukubuka rocket ku-orbit, amanga endaweni engamamitha angu-200 km kanye Inkokhelo nesisindo esingamathani 25. Ngaphambi geopromezhutochnoy orbit zinsizakuphila okwazi ukukuletha amathani mayelana 6-10 ukuze geostationary - amathani 3-6.

Kuwufanele sokugxila booster "Proton". AbaseSoviet futhi Russian ukuhlola umkhathi, yena wadlala indima enkulu. Sasisetshenziselwa ekuqalisweni kwezinhlelo ezahlukene isikhala, kuhlanganise ukuthumela amamojuli isikhala esiteshini "Mir". Ngosizo lwawo emkhathini zinikelwe "Dawn" futhi "Inkanyezi", abaluleke kakhulu MKS amayunithi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi hhayi zonke ukuqalisa zakamuva lwamarokhethi yalolu hlobo abaphumelela, "Proton" namanje isiqalisi ethandwa kakhulu: ngonyaka ukhiqiza cishe 10-12 iqala.

nozakwethu angaphandle

"Ariane-5" kuyinto Analogue of "Proton". Lokhu rocket enezinto eziningi umehluko ezivela eRussia, ikakhulukazi, yethulwa kuyabiza kakhulu, kodwa has a umthwalo umthamo enkulu. On orbit geopromezhutochnuyu "Ariane-5" uyakwazi ukuletha iziphuphutheki amabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kwaba ukwethulwa rocket isikhala zalolu hlobo wawuthi ekuqaleni kokusebenza kwe-"Rosetta" Umsebenzi kugujwa uphenyo, kwase kuphele iminyaka eyishumi indiza egcwele satellite we inkanyezi enomsila Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

"Delta-IV» ekuqaleni kwakhe "umsebenzi" ngo-2002. Omunye zokuguqulwa yayo, Delta IV Heavy, ngokuvumelana idatha 2012 kwadingeka Inkokhelo ngobukhulu phakathi izimoto kwethulwa emhlabeni.

izingxenye impumelelo

A yimpumelelo missile kwethulwa is hhayi kuphela esekelwe ekahle izici lobuchwepheshe zedivayisi. Okuningi kuxhomeke ekutheni ukufunde kukhethwa pad qalisa. Indawo Baikonur idlala indima enkulu empumelelweni mission senziwa idivayisi.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kagesi ukuze kususwe komzila wokuzungeza satellite ziyancipha lapho engela ukuthambekela oluhambisana inkululeko ezindaweni lapho isiqalo wenziwa. Kuyinto ngiko lokubalulekile yalezi zindlela ukuqala imishini, zilethwe orbit geosynchronous. Indawo ekahle ukuqala like rocket - kungcono yenkabazwe. Izinga ukuphambuka imiphumela yenkabazwe e isidingo ukusetha ijubane 100 m / s enkulu. Ngalokhu ipharamitha phakathi engaphezu kwengu-20 kwethulwa amasayithi emhlabeni isikhundla nenzuzo kakhulu matasa European Kuru sise-latitude 5º, Brazilian Alcantara (2,2º), kanye Sea Launch, elintantayo kwethulwa isayithi kokuba ikhono ukusebenzisa ngqo rocket evela yenkabazwe.

Focus ukubalwa

Elinye iphuzu ihlobene Ukujikeleza kule planethi. Qala kusuka rocket yenkabazwe ngokushesha uthole ngempela ngesivinini umxhwele isiqondiso empumalanga, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa nje ukujikeleza Earth. Kule ndaba, zonke indlela indiza, njengoba umthetho, ziphathwa i isiqondiso mpumalanga. Hhayi lucky kulokhu, Israyeli. Anakho ukuqondisa missile entshonalanga, ukwenza umzamo owengeziwe ukuze unqobe Ukujikeleza komhlaba, njengoba kuya empumalanga yezwe zitholakala isimo nobutha.

emkhakheni kwesifo

Njengoba sekushiwo, wachitha rocket izigaba kuwele Earth, ngakho eduze spaceport kufanele ibekwe siyilungele le ndawo. Ukhethe kahle - amanzi olwandle. Iningi izikhungo isikhala ngakho-ke esisogwini olusentshonalanga. Isibonelo esihle - iCape Canaveral kwethulwa isayithi US posted lapha.

Russian kwethulwa isayithi

Spaceports izwe bethu badalwa phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi ngenxa yalokho akunakwenzeka ukuthi elise North eCaucasus neMpumalanga Ekude. Into yokuqala kwasungulwa lwamarokhethi baba Cosmodrome, elise Kazakhstan. Lapha kukhona umsebenzi ongaphakeme zokuzamazama komhlaba, isimo sezulu esihle kunazo zonke onyakeni. Okungenzeka izakhi ukuphahlazeka imicibisholo Asia kunomphumela esayithini umsebenzi. Baikonur kukhona isidingo walala ngokucophelela indlela ukubalekela esigabeni qeda kwakungafanele ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo nezikhali ezicitshwayo musa ukuwela wezasemoyeni of China.

cosmodrome Mahhala, elise eliseMpumalanga Ekude, has ukubekwa yimpumelelo kakhulu ngokuwa amasimu: lize liwe olwandle. Enye indawo qalisa, lapho ungakwazi ngokuvamile ubone kwethulwa rocket - Plesetsk. It ibekwe enyakatho zonke ezinye izindawo ezifanayo emhlabeni futhi ilungele ukuthumela izimoto ku-orbit polar.

Izibalo missile ukuqalisa

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu umsebenzi ngesikhathi Ukwethulwa kwesayithi zomhlaba uwile ngokuphawulekayo. Uma siqhathanisa kwala mazwe womabili ehamba phambili kulo mkhakha, e-United States neRussia, onyakeni wokuqala ukhiqiza ukuqalisa kakhulu okumbalwa kweyesibili. Esikhathini kusuka 2004 kuya ku-2010 obanzi, nge Melika cosmodrome umkhankaso 102 rocket Uqede ngempumelelo umsebenzi wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona ukuqalisa ezinhlanu kuhlulekile. Ezweni lethu ngempumelelo 166 siqala, kuyilapho eziyisishiyagalombili kushabalele.

ingozi "Proton-M" Phakathi avelele ukuqalisa amadivayisi kuhlulekile eRussia. Esikhathini kusuka 2010 kuya ku-2014 ngenxa ukwehluleka enjalo nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada hhayi kuphela booster, kodwa futhi iziphuphutheki ambalwa Russian, kanye eyodwa lusito emaveni laphuyile. Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane nomunye ukwethulwa imoto enamandla kakhulu uye waphawuleka: zachithwa izikhulu ehilelekile okuvela kulokhu kuhluleka, baye baqala ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi ukuze ithuthukise umkhakha isikhala ezweni lethu.

Namuhla, njengoba iminyaka 40-50 edlule, abantu kwakumelwe namanje nesithakazelo ukuhlola umkhathi. Isigaba samanje kungenzeka ezahlukene nokubambisana okuphelele komhlaba wonke, okuyinto isetjenziswa ngempumelelo kuphrojekthi ISS. Nokho, nazi izinto eziningi ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa, ngcono noma ebuyekeziwe. Ngifuna ukukholelwa ukuthi lapho umuntu eba entsha ulwazi nobuchwepheshe ekuqaleni abantu abadala izibalo iyoba kwenjabulo ngaphezulu.