Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubulungiswa kanye nomphakathi amalungelo

Umqondo wobulungisa njalo sibe nengxenye ebaluleke kakhulu nomphakathi wabantu engomunye izigaba eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha eziyisisekelo. Ngempela, amaqembu ahlukahlukene social bewusizo oluhlukile lokuphila kwezomnotho nezenhlalo zomphakathi nebasekhaya badlala indzima ezahlukene, kodwa ubuncane ezithile kwemali kumele aqinisekiswe yibhange bonke abantu ngothi lwabo. A Theory Wezobulungiswa ihlose ukuhlaziya lo mqondo kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, okufunwa proportionality, futhi ngakolunye - ukulingana.

Lokhu ukuguquguquka ekuchazweni ubulungiswa emphakathini sokucasuka sokugxekwa zezomnotho kwesokudla ovulekile kwezombusazwe abazinze. Babebheka enhle nomphakathi ziyangqubuzana nezimiso emakethe, futhi wathi okuphikisana mncintiswano kanye nenkululeko. A Theory Wezobulungiswa, yazalwa ngo-70s kwekhulu elidlule, kwazanywa sihlanganise nebhalansi le miqondo emihle ebonakala ezingahlangani. Yaba ngesisekelo into enjalo ifilosofi zezombangazwe nezenhlalo, njengoba kwesokunxele-liberalism.

Izingxenye ezisemqoka yilezi nokulingana ubuqotho, waqonda njengoba inqubo esingenandaba futhi nodaba lokuthi ukwaba izimpahla ezidingekayo ngesisekelo inguqulo yesimanje ye ezimnandi zakudala imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka nomphakathi, kanye okuthiwa "umgubuzelo zokungazi". Igama elithi yokugcina kusho ukuthi abantu abathatha izinqumo mayelana nokusatshalaliswa fair, kufanele uqale ukufuna ukuvikela abantu abasengozini kakhulu, ngoba ukuthi kufanele ayifake isimo ukuthi abazange bazi ukuthi isikhundla emphakathini kuzothatha futhi iziphi izinzuzo uzothola. Umbhali waleli mqondo Dzhon Rolz. "A Theory Wobulungisa" - isihloko enye yezincwadi esivelele kunazo zonke lesi sazi. "Ukuphishekela ukulingana akuyona kuphela esebenza kahle, kuba isazela yemvelo iningi Umuntu ocabangelayo, - sefilosofi - ukungalingani kungenziwa ibekezelelwe kuphela lokhu ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho kusiza ubunzima babantu abampofu."

Dzhona Rolza ncwadi emenza Ziphikisana ososayensi hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa mbono omusha emkhakheni kwamalungelo wobuntu. Ikakhulukazi, abavikeli bamalungelo wobuntu abangaphezu kufanele ngonanzelelo amalungelo enhlalo nokuvikeleka kwazo. A Theory Wezobulungiswa, babuyisane emcabangweni wenkululeko nokulingana yezenhlalakahle, kuye kwaholela definition okucace ngokwengeziwe mayelana nenkululeko njengoba enjalo. "Freedom ukuba" zezwakala hhayi kuphela njengoba yokukhetha uhulumeni, izinkolelo zenkolo noma ujoyine kwezinye amaqembu, kodwa futhi ukuba amalungelo kwezomnotho. Futhi welithi "ukukhululeka" kuhlanganisa izingxenye hhayi kuphela ezifana lokukhululeka ebugqilini nokuhlukunyezwa, kodwa futhi ngenxa yendlala.

Equity theory futhi isandla kakhulu kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe lungelo abe nomkhawulo benhlalakahle yomphakathi, futhi aphendule ke omubi. Dzhon Rolz ukholelwa ukuthi umuntu kuthiwa ngisho U-Immanuel Kant, akukwazi indlela, kodwa injongo kuphela, futhi ngenxa yamalungelo yakhe nenkululeko ayikwazi ukwenziwa ngenxa social inhlalakahle kanye ukuthula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlu lungelo kuhlanganise unelungelo lokuthola usizo eyanele lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila, okuyinto kufanele letiniketwa ngumbuso.

Nge wonke amaphutha kanye umqondo akuxhomekile zomfundisi Harvard, izinqumo zakhe eziyinhloko athathwa up by evelele kunazo zonke jurists ngamazwe kanye nezishoshovu zamalungelo abantu. ezilwela amalungelo abantu zikhathazeka indivisible, bexabana, ngoba abantu abahlala nokwesaba abacindezelayo kanye nabantu abaphila ngaphandle zokuvikeleka komphakathi, okufanayo ziyizisulu ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo eside kufakazela Rawls indlela efanele. Equity mbono uye kakhulu eye yaqinisekiswa umkhuba - ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu njalo ukukhiqiza ubumpofu, nobumpofu kusiletha kwenye ukuhlukumeza kanye nodlame. Ukuze esasifanele thina ezingeni elifanayo amathuba kanye izinga elifanayo lokuphila.