Empire Spanish: incazelo, umlando kanye ifulege

Empire Spanish ezinsukwini kwamandla ayo wayengomunye walaba uthi ngobukhulu, eyake yaba khona emhlabeni. Ukudalwa kwawo awunakuhlukaniswa nge Age of Discovery, lapho laba umbuso wamakoloni. Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana, ifulegi Empire Spanish athuthukiswe phezu izindawo ezinkulu, etholakala kokubili eYurophu nase-Asia, e-Afrika, eMelika nase-Oceania.

Ukuvela isimo

Izazi-mlando eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi i-Spain, njengoba lo mbuso ibe nesiqalo ekupheleni kwekhulu xv, lapho Castilia-Union of Aragon esayinwe 1479, ngokuletha emazweni kuhlanganiswe waqala ukubusa iSonto Isabella mina uFerdinand II. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi, njengoba owakwakhe Amakhosi abusa ngamunye insimu yalo njengoba sicela, kodwa ngokuphathelene nomgomo wezangaphandle ke imibono ambalwa isinqumo njalo luqondane.

Ngo-1492, amabutho Spanish ethumba Granada, futhi lokhu uqedele Reconquista - umzabalazo wenkululeko amaKristu ngokungcolisa abahlaseli Muslim. Manje, lapho le nhlonhlo Iberia wanqotshwa, insimu yalo baba yingxenye yoMbuso ka Castile. Ngawo lowo nyaka Hristofor Kolumb yahamba endleleni ucwaningo ngohambo lwakhe lokuqala, okuyinto amabombo entshonalanga. Wakwazi ukubhukuda ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean nabantu baseYurophu livulekele Melika. Wabe eseqala ukudala amakoloni yokuqala ngqa kwezilwandle.

oluqinisayo okwengeziwe

Ngemva kokufa neNdlovukazi u-Isabella iSonto nomyeni wakhe uFerdinand II enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi umzukulu wakhe Karl V Gabsburg. Mangisho ukuthi bekungelona yaseSpain, kodwa ukuthi ukubusa kwakhe lihlotshaniswa inkathi yokuchuma umbuso.

Ngemva uCharles V united izihloko ezimbili - King Spanish Emperor of njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, ithonya lawo liye landa izikhathi eziningi, njengoba ne umqhele yena wayezuze indlala-Comté, Netherlands nase-Austria. kokubhikisha kwango komuneros e Castile owawuqondene naye inselele yangempela, kodwa babhekana nayo. Ukuvukela ukuyiveza, futhi uCharles V waba umbusi mbuso omkhulu kakhulu e-Europe, lapho yayingekho efana nje enkundleni emhlabeni akabonakalanga Napoleon Bonaparte.

Politika noKarla V

Phakathi neminyaka engu-200 umbuso Spanish obuswa abakwaHabsburg. mhlawumbe lo mncintiswano kwaba abacebe, njengoba ekhwelwe nenqwaba isiliva negolide ngempela, futhi wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi kwamandla emhlabeni enkulu eyayingahlanganisi nje kuphela Spain kanye amakoloni yayo, kodwa cishe kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu.

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izwe phakathi nokubusa abakwaHabsburg yanda. Abazange ukuhlala futhi babe abashisekeli ngempela ophanayo elafika isiko. Nokho, emkhakheni wezepolitiki kwakungeyona bushelelezi ngakho. Ngisho ngaphansi uCharles V umbuso Spanish wayebhekene nenkinga enkulu: amandla omkhulu akazange abe munye ngempela, ngoba abaningi ezweni layo yayiyoba ezimele. Kule ndaba, iNkosi kwadingeka alwe izimpi eziningi, ngisho nabantu bakhe, kuhlanganise enyakatho yeYurophu. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo nangobukhulu Empire iSpanishi, uCharles V kwaba nzima ukumelana nesilingo eFrance nase-Italy. Impi nalezi amazwe zazizinde, kodwa abazange kwaholela ekunqobeni ngapha langapha.

UPhilip II Board

Ngemva kokufa uCharles V lulandelwe umzukulu wakhe. UPhilip II, ngokungafani uyisemkhulu, iningi isikhathi esichithwa esigodlweni sakhe Eskoreal. Lokhu nkosi njengoba umntwana wathola imfundo yekhethelo ngesikhathi, kwaba ozinikele kakhulu, futhi zonke asekelwe Zamacala Ezihlubuki zangeNkathi Ephakathi. Lapho-ke ezibangelwa ukungabekezelelani ngokwenkolo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba: amaKatolika nje kuphela kodwa futhi amaProthestani beshushiswa abezizwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Lapho uPhilip II Spain yayina kakhulu. Like esasisandulele sakhe, naye walwa emelene lezitha zangaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1571 ngesikhathi Lepanto imikhumbi yakhe bangquzula isigaba Turkish, ngaleyo ndlela uvimba indlela yazo eya intuthuko eyengeziwe e-Europe.

Anglo-Spanish neMpi

Ngo 1588, ogwini lwaseNgilandi okuthiwa Omkhulu Armada nguPhilip II lahluleka kwasani. Kamuva, ngo-1654, la mandla amabili elwa futhi phezu kolwandle. Iqiniso lokuthi English is Lord uMvikeli U-Oliver Cromwell wayeqiniseka ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile lapho uzokwazi ukwandisa khona layo wamakoloni isimo eWest Indies. Ikakhulukazi, wayefuna ukuba liyobamba esiqhingini Jamaica, ngaleso sikhathi kakade aphethwe umbuso waseSpain.

Impi eNgilandi salokhu isiqephu sezwe kwenziwa nge ahlukahlukene empumelelo, kodwa kwakusadingeka ukuba ngiphane ngakho. Eminyakeni 1657-1658 abaseSpain futhi bazama uwine Jamaica, kodwa akusebenzanga. Nge isivumelwano iziphathimandla British e Port Royal waba isizinda pirate, kusuka lapho bahlasela imikhumbi yaseSpain.

Inkinga emnothweni

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi amakoloni lokuqala kwezilwandle babe akuzuzisi futhi baletha ukuphoxeka kuphela. Yiqiniso, zikhona amaphuzu athile ngiyoba nethonya elihle ku ukuhweba, kodwa babengesibo ngokwanele. Zonke kancane kancane zaqala ukushintsha lapho izincwadi e-1520 waqala ukukhipha esiliva emasimini eyayisanda kutholakala Guanajuato. Kodwa imbangela yangempela yokungabi ingcebo babe ezifakwa lokhu metal atholakala e Zacatecas futhi Potosí ngo-1546.

Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka XVI, ne umbuso walo wamakoloni Spanish akhishelwe khona igolide nesiliva inani elilingana okulingana eyodwa futhi izindodla nengxenye zamaRandi (ngo-1990 amanani). Ekugcineni, inani amazwe ayigugu waqala idlule ukukhiqizwa, okuyinto nakanjani kuyoholela kwamandla emali. Lokhu kuwa komnotho okwaqala ngo-neshumi leminyaka lokugcina ekhulwini XVI, futhi kwabhebhethekiswa ekuqaleni olandelayo. Isizathu salokhu kwaba ukuxoshwa amaMoor namaJuda, kabani abamele babehilelekile kusukela kudala ukukhiqizwa wezandla kanye ukuhweba.

Ukuwa Empire Spanish

ukwehla kancane kancane lokhu isimo omkhulu waqala ngemva kokufa uPhilip II. Abamlandela babengosombangazwe abampofu, Spain kancane kancane aqala ukuphelelwa isikhundla yalo kuleli zwekazi kuqala bese kuba amakoloni emazweni aphesheya.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XIX, ezingeni womaya ubuzwe anti-wamakoloni yafinyelela umvuthwandaba, okuholela kokugqashuka Spanish-American War, okuyindawo United States sekukhona elinqobile. I-Spanish umbuso wamakoloni wahlulwa kanye kwadingeka ukunikezela insimu yabo: Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico kanye Guam. Ngu-1899, wayengaselona umhlaba ngaphezulu noma eMelika, futhi e-Asia. Iziqhingi asele elwandle eliKhulu iPacific okuthengiswa eJalimane, esaziwa indawo Afrika kuphela.

Ekuqaleni XX leminyaka cishe Spain uyekile ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda amakoloni yakhona esele, kodwa namanje liqhubekile amasimu kakhokho ezinkulu, okuyinto baqashe abasebenzi Nigerian. Entwasahlobo ka-1968, iziphathimandla ngaphansi UN ingcindezi futhi isizwe wendawo baphoqeleka ukuba ngimemezele Equatorial Guinea ezimele.

ifa

Lo mbuso iSpanishi, okuyinto inomlando iminyaka engamakhulu ayisihlanu, uye wathonya hhayi kuphela ekuthuthukiseni eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Conquistadors ayenokuhlangenwe America, Afrika nase-East Indies ngenkolo yamaRoma Katolika futhi Spanish. Shiya isikhathi wamakoloni eside nomthelela ukuxubana of abantu: America, abantu baseYurophu kanye namaNdiya.

Kanye-Portuguese umbuso Spanish waba umsunguli lokhu commerce ngamazwe, ngokuvula kwemizila emisha enqamula ukuhweba. Kwakuthinta imali yakhe isibe lwemali lokuqala global, obekukhona dollar American. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhweba Elidala Umhlaba ne okusha benana inqwaba nayizilwane ezifuywayo nayiwo ezihlukahlukene izitshalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-America ke ingeniswe izinkomo, izimvu, amahhashi, izingulube, nezimbongolo, kanye ibhali, ukolweni, apula, nokunye. D. baseYurophu, esikhundleni salokho, okokuqala banambitha amazambane, utamatisi, ummbila, upelepele kanye nogwayi. Umphumela wale Ukuhwebelana kuye kwaba ngcono khulu bezikhali yezolimo Melika, eYurophu nase-Asia.

Akufanele sibakhohlwe ngethonya kwamasiko. Kungokuphawulekayo ukuthi kukho konke: e umculo, ubuciko, ukuklama izakhiwo, ngisho e libhala imithetho. Ixhumana nomunye zezizwe ezihlukahlukene isikhathi eside, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni ukuxuba amasiko ukuthi eyinkimbinkimbi okwakuthandelene, futhi bathole siqu umumo wabo owehlukile kulezizinsuku lubonakale ezindaweni wangaphambili wamakoloni.