Izikhali umlando - kusukela lasendulo kwaba sezikhathini zanamuhla

Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule , abantu bakudala, ukuze bazivikele ezilwaneni zasendle abantu nobutha, baqala ukusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene: .. Driftwood futhi amatshe, tindvuku abukhali, njll Kuyinto ngalezo zikhathi ezikude kuvela umlando izikhali. With ukuthuthukiswa impucuko uvele imibono yakhe entsha, kanye kwenkathi ngayinye zomlando luhambisane ungcono esinyathelweni odlule. Ngelilodwa nje, izingalo, kanye yonke iplanethi yethu, umlando we wadlula indlela zako yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kusukela elula itshe ngembazo ukuze sezikhali zenuzi.

izikhali

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene, okuyinto zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezahlukene izikhali. Ngokusho komunye wabo, kuyabanda futhi nezibhamu. Okokuqala, yena, kuyinto ngezinhlobo eziningi: .. wangiklwebha, obuhlabayo, ukushaqeka, njll usebenza abangabantu amandla kwemisipha, kodwa isibhamu usebenza nge Umsizi icala amandla. Ngenxa yalokho, kwathiwa yasungulwa ngesikhathi lapho abantu bafunda indlela ukuphuma saltpeter, isibabule namalahle powder. Futhi okokuqala kule Chinese ovelele (e-9th AD leminyaka). Izikhali umlando ayinayo idatha olunembile ngosuku ukudalwa le ngxube kuqhume, kodwa waziwa lumelele unyaka, ngesikhathi kuqala ezichazwe wesandla "iresiphi" of neziqhumane - 1042. Kusukela China, le lwazi oputshukile kuya eMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi ukusuka lapho saya eYurophu.

Izibhamu Ubuye izinhlobo lalo. Kuyinto encane, futhi amabhomu wezikhali.

Ngokusho kwenye ngezigaba, kokubili abandayo futhi umlilo - ukulwa eduze. Ngaphezu kwalokho babe isikhali, eziphathelene izikhali zembubhiso: zenuzi, athomu, igciwane, amakhemikhali, njll ...

izikhali bakudala

Ngalokho amakhambi kwakungasehlane laseBeti kusafufusa impucuko elimangalisayo, singaphetha ahlulele ngokwanoma okutholakele abavubukuli wakwazi ukuthola phezu izindawo zabantu lasendulo. Konke lokhu okutholakele kungabonakala ezihlukahlukene zomlando wemvelo umlando iminyuziyamu.

Amafomu bokuqala izikhali bakudala babe itshe noma ithambo arrowheads nemikhonto ababetholakala ensimini ka banamuhla eJalimane. Liveza iminyaka ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu amathathu. Lesi sibalo, yebo, umxhwele. Ukuze lokho ngezinhloso yayisetshenziswa for abazingeli izilwane zasendle noma impi nezinye izizwe - esinalo kuphela ukuqagela. Nakuba idwala imidwebo ngandlela-thile ukusisiza ukubuyisela ngokoqobo. Kodwa on the nezikhathi lapho abantu yasungulwa lokubhala, saqala ukwakha izincwadi, historiography, kanye imidwebo, sinalo ulwazi olwanele mayelana impumelelo ezintsha zabantu, kuhlanganise mayelana izikhali. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, singalandela indlela egcwele ushintsho yalezi zikhali ukuzivikela. Izikhali umlando kuhlanganisa kwezinkathi eziningana, futhi yilona bakudala kokuqala.

Ekuqaleni, izinhlobo ezinkulu Izibhamu lezi imikhonto, khothama umcibisholo, imimese, izimbazo, ithambo kuqala, nabetshe abangaboni, futhi kamuva - metal (zethusi, ithusi nensimbi kuphela).

izikhali medieval

Ngemva Abantu bafunda ukucubungula izinsimbi, basungula izinkemba pikes nemicibisholo ngamathiphu abukhali metal. Ukuvikela yasungulwa zempi izihlangu (nezigqoko, imeyili njll). By the way, endulo gunsmiths waqala ukwenza ngokhuni nensimbi umkayo izinqama izihlilingi ngoba kokuvinjezelwa wezinqaba. Nge ngamunye round esisha izikhali futhi luphelele ukuthuthukiswa lesintu. It babulokhu buqina, libukhali, nokunye. D.

Umlando medieval izikhali athakazelisa ngokukhethekile lapho kuyigama nezibhamu kule nkathi yasungulwa, ezashintsha ngokuphelele indlela ngokubhekiselwe nasempini. Laba bameleli be-yokuqala yale zilwane kwakufanele arquebus nokudla ke ayelapho muskets. Kamuva gunsmiths yanquma ukwandisa ubukhulu yokugcina, bese emkhakheni yempi aba lokuqala wezikhali. umlando obengeziwe nezibhamu iqala ukweneka zonke izinto ezintsha kule ndawo: izibhamu, amavolovolo, njll ...

isikhathi esisha

Phakathi nale nkathi, steel abandayo kancane kancane ngelinye ngu nezibhamu, okuyinto njalo olusha. Ukwandiswa skoroletnost yayo, kwashona amandla uhla amagobolondo. Lapho kuqala umlando kwekhulu lama-20 izikhali akusho ukuhambisana ezisunguliwe kulo mkhakha. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, amathangi kwaqala ukubonakala enkundleni yemidlalo yase-imisebenzi, futhi isibhakabhaka - ezindizeni. Phakathi nekhulu le-20, ngonyaka ka-ukuhileleka Okwesibili Umhlaba USSR sidalwe ezizishintshayo isizukulwane esisha - the Kalashnikov nokuhlanganisa isibhamu, kanye izinhlobo ezahlukene amabhomu iziqhumane, ezifana eSoviet "Katyusha", kwamanzi nezempi.

Izikhali zembubhiso

Ayikho kulezi izikhali ngo nezingozi ngeke kuqhathaniswe nale. Kuye, njengoba sekushiwo, zihlanganisa chemical, begazi noma bacteriological, atomic zenuzi. Eminyakeni emibili kukhona eziyingozi kakhulu. Ngokokuqala ngqá isintu esiye sabhekana nalo ibutho zenuzi Agasti kanye-November 1945, ngesikhathi ihlasela ngamabhomu athomu imizi US Army Air Japanese Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Umlando zenuzi, kunalokho ukulwa kwakhe ukusetshenziswa, evela kwalolu suku abamnyama. USmakade ukuthi ukushaqeka enjalo esintwini akanakuphinde ukuzwa.