Russia ngekhulu le-16: kwenqubomgomo

Ngekhulu le-16 e-Russia - ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi iwukuba unqobe kwehlukana izinduna - inqubo esibonisa a ukukhula okungokwemvelo feudalism. Amadolobha zikhule, okwandisa labantu, ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba lobudlelwano bangaphandle. Izinguquko ku imvelo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kuholele ukuxhashazwa okuseduze kakhulu abalimi futhi agcina okwalandela.

Umlando Russia 16-17 ekhulwini akulula - kuba inkathi kumiswa wekuba sive, kumiswa elisekela. Izenzakalo onegazi empini, uzama bazivikele Echoes iGolden zidlamlilo kanye nesikhathi okwalandela edingekayo Nezinkinga isandla esiqinile uhulumende womanyano abantu.

Ukwakheka isimo eyodwa

INGEMUVA ubunye Russia nase unqobe uqhekeko izinduna sekukhona ekhulwini le-13. Lokhu kwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile kule uVladimir ubukhulu, etholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga. Ukuthuthukiswa waphazanyiswa ayehlasela Tatar-Mongol, okuyinto hhayi kuphela ehlile inqubo wokwakha ubunye, kodwa futhi yabangela umonakalo abalulekile kubantu Russian. Imvuselelo yaqala kuphela ekhulwini le-14:. Yokutakula komkhakha wezolimo, ukwakhiwa kwemizi, ukwenziwa ukusungulwa ubudlelwane bezomnotho. Zonke inesisindo yazuza Muscovy naseMoscow, ogama indawo lukhula kancane kancane. Ukuthuthukiswa Russia ngekhulu le-16 balandela indlela yokuqinisa kuwukuphikisana ekilasini. Ukuze nginqobe abalimi, izinduna kwakufanele usebenze, sebenzisa indlela entsha ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki, uqinise ehhovisi central.

Isici sesibili esenza ubunye ababusi kanye yinye kwamandla - isikhundla sengozini inqubomgomo angaphandle. Ukuze silwe abahlaseli abese Golden zidlamlilo kwakudingekile ukuba babe munye. Kuphela ngale ndlela Russian ungase uwine Kulikovo ensimini futhi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15 leminyaka. ukuhlela kabusha ngokuphelele Tatar-Mongol ijoka, owathatha iminyaka engu engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili.

Inqubo kumiswa isimo esisodwa uzwakalise ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni inyunyana owayesishushisa ngaphambili uthi ezehlukene zibe munye Muscovy omkhulu futhi ushintsho inhlangano ezindabeni zezombangazwe zomphakathi, ubunjalo wekuba sive. Ngokombono ezindawo umbono, inqubo eyaqedwa ekuqaleni c 16., Kodwa kwamiswa apharathasi zezombusazwe kuphela engxenyeni yesibili.

Vasily III

Singasho ukuthi ngekhulu le-16 emlandweni laseRussia aqala nge wokubusa Vasily III, ngubani esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1505 eneminyaka engu-26 eminyakeni. Wayeyindodana ka-Ivan III Elikhulu yesibili. The Emperor of All Russia useke washada kabili. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-omele ubudala umndeni boyar Solomonii Saburovoy (ngezansi - ukwakhiwa kabusha ebusweni Yekhanda). Umshado senzeka 09.04.1505, kodwa iminyaka 20 beshadile, wayengazange ezele ukuthi bazoba nendlalifa. Prince ekhathazekile yafuna isehlukaniso. Ngokushesha wathola imvume isonto kanye Boyar Duma. Indaba efanayo balandela abafazi olusemthethweni isehlukaniso ukubhekisela Isigodlo zibonwe emlandweni Russia.

Inkosikazi kombusi yesibili kwakunguDodayi Elena Glinskaya okuvela emkhayeni ngamunye wama ubudala Lithuanian. Wamzalela amadodana amabili. Umfelokazi ngo-1533, yena ngokoqobo yashintsha enkantolo, neRussia ngekhulu le-16 ngokokuqala Uthole ibamba, kodwa akulona athandwa kakhulu ne boyars nabantu.

Foreign futhi yasekhaya Politika Vasiliya III, eqinisweni, kuliragelo engokwemvelo izenzo kayise, owayebizwa ngokuphelele wagxila yinye kwamandla kanye nokuqinisa igunya lesonto.

inqubomgomo yasekhaya

Vasily III wawusekela ngamandla angenamkhawulo inkosi. Emzabalazweni kwehlukana izinduna ka Rus kwaso kanye nabasekeli baso ukukhuthalele wajabulela ukusekelwa ibandla. Kusukela ababi, elahla kalula ngokuthumela ekudingisweni noma ukuba banikeze isijeziso kubenzi. wabonakaliswa ngokugcwele imvelo ezicindezelayo, lubonakale kuze ebusheni bakhe. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, ukubaluleka boyars egcekeni ukuwa abalulekile, kodwa izikhulu ukwanda komhlaba. Lapho isetshenziswa, wayekhetha le Josephites inqubomgomo isonto.

Ngo 1497 Vasily III bamukela Ikhodi entsha soMthetho yayigcinwa zisekelwe eqinisweni isiRashiya, koMthethosisekelo kanye Judicial Charter, izinqumo zokwahlulela ezigabeni ezithile imibuzo. Kwakuyisikhathi iqoqo imithetho, futhi sidalwe nokumisa futhi lula ekhona ngesikhathi umthetho futhi isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni yinye kwamandla. UMbusi besekele ukwakhiwa, eminyakeni yakhe yokubusa ezakhiwa Ekulu Cathedral, Bandla Ascension e Kolomna, omusha wezokuHlaliswa, izinqaba izinqaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena uyasebenza kanye uyise, waya "ukuqoqa" emazweni isiRashiya, annexing republic Pskov, Ryazan.

Ubuhlobo Kazan Khanate ngaphansi Basil III

inqubomgomo waseRussia angaphandle ngekhulu le-16, futhi ngokunembile, engxenyeni yokuqala ngokuyinhloko ibonisa ngaphakathi. UMbusi wazama ukuhlanganisa okuningi njengoba izwe kungenzeka, amandla okubeka ukuba kuhulumeni ukuthi, eqinisweni, kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ekunqotshweni edlulela emasimini amasha. Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo zidlamlilo Golden, Russia cishe ngokushesha waqhubeka ecasula ku Khanate, kwakheka ngenxa nciphisa yayo. Turkey kanye Krymskoe Hanstvo isithakazelo Kazan, Russia edalwa ukubaluleka ngenxa ukuvundisa umhlaba futhi indawo yayo emihle amasu, kodwa futhi ngenxa kosongo kuphangwa. Ilindele kokufa Ivan III 1505 Kazan Khan ngokuzumayo waqala impi esingapheli waze 1507 emva ukulahlekelwa eziningana Russian baphoqeleka ukuba ashona, bese ukwenza ukuthula. Umlando kwaphinda kwenzeka esikhathini 1522-1523 biennium., Bese e 1530-1531 GG. Kazan Khanate akazange adikibale kuze isihlalo sobukhosi Ivan Grozny wangafika.

Russian-Lithuanian neMpi

Isizathu eyinhloko empini - isifiso eMoscow isikhulu nqoba futhi ulawule wonke umhlaba Russian, kanye umzamo yaseLithuania okuziphindiselela ngoba ukunqotshwa esikhathini esidlule 1500-1503 iminyaka, okuyinto alahlekelwe ukulahlekelwa izingxenye 1-3 kuzo zonke izindawo .. Russia ngekhulu le-16, ngemva eza emandleni Basil III, ubekade inqubomgomo angaphandle isimo esikhundleni nzima. Bayehluleka ngesikhathi Kazan Khanate, waphoqeleka ezibhekene Duchy of Lithuania, usayine isivumelwano ne-anti-Russian Crimean khan.

Impi waqala ngenxa yokwehluleka ukufeza juqu of Basil III (ukubuya umhlaba) ehlobo lika-1507 ngemuva kuhlaselwa the Bryansk futhi Chernigov umhlaba ibutho Lithuanian kanye Upper Oka principalities - Crimean AmaTatar. Ngo 1508 ababusi aseqalile sokubonisana kanye yasayina isivumelwano ukuthula ubukhulu Lithuanian eyabuyiswa ngaphansi okuyinto Lyublich ezizungeze.

Impi zeminyaka 1512-1522. Sekuvele ukuqhutshekiselwa okunengqondo we izingxabano odlule kulo lonke izwe. Naphezu ukuthula esiphakathi amaqembu sasishube kakhulu, waqhubeka kuphangwa, izibhelu emingceleni. Isizathu sokuthatha isinyathelo ukufa Grand Duchess of Lithuania, udadewabo Basil III Helena. Grand Duchy of Lithuania yasayina isivumelwano ne YaseCrimea Khanate enye inyunyana, ngemva kwalokho isiqalo ngasekupheleni ukuba benze kuphangwa eminingi ngo-1512 Russian Prince Sigismund ngamemeza impi futhi ukubeka phambili amabutho awo ayinhloko ukuze Smolensk. SB Eminyakeni eyalandela, nge ahlukahlukene empumelelo babe uchungechunge Kuzonyuka. Enye yezimpi ezinkulu senzeka eduze Orsha Septhemba 8, 1514 ngo-1521, zombili unezinye izinkinga inqubomgomo angaphandle, futhi baphoqeleka ukuba enze ukuthula iminyaka 5. Ngokusho isivumelwano, eRussia ngekhulu le-16 wathola ezweni Smolensk, kodwa wenqaba Vitebsk, Polotsk futhi Kiev, kanye ukubuya iziboshwa zempi.

U-Ivan IV (Kubi)

Vasily III asebefile ngenxa yalesi sifo, lapho indodana yakhe endala eneminyaka engu-3 ubudala. Ekubona kuseza ukufa nokungcwatshwa kwakhe kwase kusondele kokulwisana ezalandela sobukhosi (ngesikhathi mbusi wayenedumela abazalwane abasebasha ezimbili Andreya Yuri Staritskogo Dmitrov), edala "sedmochislennuyu" langokuthunywa boyars. Lokho ababenakho ukulondoloza Ivan phambi iminyaka engu-15. Eqinisweni, ibhodi Labaphathiswa ubelokhu amandla isikhathi esingangonyaka, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala liphele. Russia ngekhulu le-16 (1545) wathola umbusi okugcwele yinkosi wokuqala emlandweni waso, kumuntu u-Ivan IV, eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngaphansi kwegama Ivan le Kubi. Esikhathini isithombe esingenhla - kabusha isithombe ukuma Yekhanda.

Akunakwenzeka ingasaphathwa umndeni wakhe. Izazi-mlando zehlukene izinombolo, waziqamba amagama 6 noma 7 abesifazane, abantu ababebhekwa njengabaphansi nabafazi inkosi. Ezinye wafa ukufa ongaqondakali, abanye zadingiselwa ephathelene nokuphatha izindela. Ivan Grozny nginezingane ezintathu. Lesiphakeme (Ivan futhi Fedor) bazalelwa kumkakhe wokuqala, kanti uthumbu (Dmitriy Uglitsky) kulezi zinyanga - M.F.Nagoy, okuyinto kudlale indima enkulu emlandweni leli zwe ngesikhathi eya isikhathi sezinkathazo.

Izinguquko ku-internet Ivana Groznogo

Inqubomgomo sangaphakathi Russia ngekhulu le-16 ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Ivan le Kubi wayesalokhu igxile yinye kwamandla, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zomphakathi ezibalulekile. Kuze kube yimanje, ngokuhlanganyela "Kukhethwe Rada" Inkosi, uchungechunge kabusha. Eliphawuleka kakhulu kukhona okulandelayo.

• Inhlangano ye Zemsky Sobor e 1549 njengoba eliphakeme izikhungo lombhalo-ummeleli. Kuyo banikezwe wonke amakilasi ngaphandle abantukazana.
• Ukwamukelwa Sudebnik entsha ngo-1550, yaqhubeka inqubomgomo isenzo zomthetho langaphambilini, futhi ngokokuqala ibhaliswe ngokomthetho awowonke iyunithi intela angakahleleki.
• Lipstick kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha komhlaba in the 50s ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16.
• Ama-oda Ukwakhiwa uhlelo e t. H. Izincwadi zezikhalo, Streletskii, iphrintwe, nokunye. D.

inqubomgomo waseRussia angaphandle phakathi nokubusa Ivana Groznogo yasungulwa ezindaweni ezintathu: eningizimu - ekulweni YaseCrimea Khanate, empumalanga - ukunwetshwa imingcele isimo nasentshonalanga - umzabalazo ukufinyelela khona oLwandle iBaltic.

empumalanga

Ngemva kokuwa Golden zidlamlilo, usongo njalo emazweni Russian wadala Astrakhan neKazan Khanate ezandleni zabo wayegxilile iVolga Umzila wezohwebo. Ubude I. Grozny umkhankaso ezintathu ngokumelene Kazan, ngenxa yokugcina, ke sathathwa ezikhukhula (1552). Astrakhan yadibana iminyaka 4 kamuva, ngo-1557 ngokuzithandela ukuba isimo Russian usejoyine iningi Bashkortostan futhi Chuvashia, bese ubuhlobo babo wayeziqaphela Nogai zidlamlilo. Yaphela kanjalo-ke umlando wezimpi ezalandela. Russia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 kuvulwe isendleleni eSiberia. nezimboni acebile abamukele nezincwadi eziphuma esandleni senkosi babe nomhlaba ku r.Tobol, at siqu izindleko ahlonyiselwe squad Cossacks yakhe yokuzikhethela, eliholwa Ermak kwaba.

entshonalanga

Ngomzamo ukufinyelela khona oLwandle iBaltic for engu-25 edlule (1558-1583.) U-Ivan IV wahola akhathazayo Livonian neMpi. Ekuqaleni kwalo ubephelezelwa yimpumelelo umkhankaso isiRashiya, ke sathathwa imizi engu-20, kuhlanganise Narva futhi Dorpat, amabutho besondela eTallinn Riga. I Livonian Order wahlulwa, kodwa impi usezuze bemvelo eside, njengoba babehileleke emazweni amaningana aseYurophu. ukubaluleka Omkhulu eyadlalwa inyunyana Lithuania nePoland ngo-Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian. Yisimo esithinta senguquko kolunye uhlangothi, futhi ngemva standoff eside ngo-1582 i-ukuxolelana kwaphethwa ngokuthi iminyaka 10. sivumelwano Ngemva konyaka kwathiwa esayiniwe plussa Russia elahlekile ngaphansi okuyinto Livonia, kodwa wabuya zonke wathumba imizi ngaphandle Polotsk.

Eningizimu

Eningizimu, namanje Kuzingelwe kwakhiwa emva kokuwa Golden zidlamlilo, Krymskoe Hanstvo. Umsebenzi oyinhloko isimo kule isiqondiso ukuqinisa imingcele kusukela kuphangwa ka YaseCrimea AmaTatar. Ngenxa yale njongo, isenzo sokuthuthukiswa emkhakheni Wild Kuye kwenziwa. Baqala avele Umugqa wokuqala ukuzivikela, isb. E. umugqa Zokuzivikela zezinsimbi ugodo, phakathi lapho emi harpoons sokhuni (amandla) ikakhulukazi Tula Belgorodskaia.

Fyodor mina inkosi

Ivan Grozny wafa Mashi 18, 1584. Izimo lesi sifo bobukhosi abizwa ngokuthi zibe ukungabaza mlando kuze kube yilolu suku. Wayelethwa ulandelwa indodana yakhe Fyodor Ivanovich, yithole ngakwesokudla ngemva kokushona kwendodana yakhe u umdala Ivan. In amazwi Ivan le Kubi, wayengumuntu ngaphezulu unkom 'idlayodwa, futhi bezila ukudla, ekahle enkonzweni kuka ukubusa. Izazi-mlando ngivamise ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi wayesevile eminyakeni engu-impilo ebuthaka futhi ingqondo. Ekuphathweni komphakathi, inkosi entsha kwakungenele. Usesibhedlela ngaphansi eqeqeshwa we boyars nabakhulu kuqala, bese nomfowabo lakhe entsha Boris Godunov. Ukubusa kuqala, futhi eyesibili - wagijima, futhi wonke umuntu wayekwazi lokhu. Fyodor ngafa Januwari 7, 1598, ushiya yayingenazizukulu, futhi siphazamise eMoscow Rurik lwamakhosi.

Russia ekuqa- 16-17 eminyaka, wazibonela esibucayi ojulile izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ukukhula eyayizothatha isikhathi eside Livonian neMpi oprichnina nesiTatar ehlasela. Zonke lezi zici okwaholela isikhathi izinkinga, eziqala wokulwela sobukhosi esingenalutho.