Isihlobo isisindo yamangqamuzana - umuntu wenyama ubuningi isici lomcebo ngamunye

Izisindo molecule ezifana mass athomu, amancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, i-ukuqhathanisa zabo ukubala besebenzisa le-athomu mass iyunithi. Isihlobo isisindo yamangqamuzana kwakwakhe - lokhu ezidlula ngokomzimba, okuyinto isilinganiso nesisindo engqamuzaneni kwakwakhe ukuze 1/12 we Ingxenye zama-athomu carbon. Kulolu hlu kubonisa kukangaki isisindo wonke-molecule ezingaphezu kuka 1/12 isisindo izinhlayiya aphansi carbon futhi, njenganoma iyiphi ngenzuzo ayinakho ezinobukhulu luchazwa ngegama uphawu uMnu

Mr (kwakwakhe) = m (kwakwakhe-molecule) / 1/12 m (C). Nokho, umkhuba, lisebenzisa isikimu ezahlukene ukubala kwaleli nani. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana ilingane inani isihlobo uquqaba-athomu (Ar) kwazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali akha enkompolo ngenani izinhlayiya zokucathula element ngayinye, okungukuthi Kungaba lubhalwe schematically kanje:

Mr (B1xC1y) = x * Ar (B1) + y * Ar (C1).

Ukuze kahle ukunquma lesi silinganiso kufanele:

1. ukwazi ifomula amakhemikhali lomcebo;
2. Ar kahle ukunquma ethebuleni D. I. Mendeleeva (ezuzisayo ngakho uma inombolo emva iphuzu zamadesimali ilingana noma privyshaet 5 ke ukuqoqa eseduze lonke ibutho lethu wanezela: ngokwesibonelo, i-Ari (Li) = 6, 941, ukubala usebenzisa inamba okuyinto 7, futhi uma inani lingaphansi kuka 5, khona-ke isihloko yokuthi kukhona: Ar (K) = 39,098, ngamanye amazwi, thatha 39).
3. lapho kubalwa Mr ungakhohlwa acabangele-athomu, ngamanye amazwi, Federation imi izakhi kwakwakhe.

Isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana, formula okuyinto schematically kuboniswe ngenhla osebenza ku zezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa sokubalwa nenani y izidakamizwa elula anele ukunquma kuphela isihlobo mass athomu etafuleni gqwa ngokuzikhethela siphindwe ngesibalo izinhlayiya aphansi. Ngokwesibonelo: Mr (P) = Ar (R) = 31 kanye noMnu (N ₂₎ = 2 * Ar (N) = 2 * 14 = 18.

Ake sicabangele esinye isibonelo, futhi ukuthola ukuthi kunani isihlobo mass yamangqamuzana amanzi - kuyindaba enzima. Ifomula enokwehla we ketshezi kuyinto H ₂ O, ngamanye amazwi, liqukethe amabili ama-athomu ye-hydrogen kanye eyodwa yomoya-mpilo-athomu. Ngakho-ke, irekhodi isinqumo libukeka kanje:

Mr (H ₂ O) = 2 * Ar (H) + Ar ( O) = 2 * 1 + 16 = 18

Ungabhala ngamafuphi, ukubeka inkulumo ngokwezwi nezwi. Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukuthi izikhathi ezingu Mr 18 ezingaphezu kuka 1/12 i aphansi kuyizinhlayiyana mass carbon. Ngokufanayo kunqunywa isihlobo isisindo kwamangqamuzana kwanoma isiphi isimiso kwakwakhe zamakhemikhali, ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi ifomula ayo enokwehla waziwa. Kodwa futhi, usebenzisa lesi silinganiso, ungakwazi ukubuyisela Ukwakheka qualitative ambalwa of izinto ezingaziwa, ukusungula okuqukethwe nuclides ngabanye. Ekusebenteni, ekutholweni Mr izidakamizwa baqashwe amasu physico-zemvelo namakhemikhali, njengomoya ziphuzo zazihluzwa, spectrometry mass, igesi chromatography , njll Ukuze ubone ukuthi lokhu Inkomba ye-polymers wasebenzisa izindlela okusekelwe izakhiwo colligative (inombolo enqunywe izibopho kabili, iqembu ukusebenza, viscosity, ukukhanya kusakazeka ikhono).

Ngakho, isihlobo yamangqamuzana isici mass lomcebo ngamunye futhi kuyoba kuye umuntu ofundelwayo. Lokhu value kunqunywa for alula nanzima compounds, wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic. nemingcele yayo ibalulekile ikakhulukazi isifundo polymers Kuhlanganisa kabani izakhiwo kuzoncika inkomba yesisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.