U-Oblomov no-Stolz: ukufaniswa kwesithombe

Emabhukwini ezincwadi izincwadi bavame ukusebenzisa indlela yokuphikisa. Ihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa abalingiswa njengabathwali bemibono ethile namafilosofi okuphila. Ngokuvamile, umlobi noma imbongi ngale ndlela kusho ukubuka kwakhe umhlaba, ngokucophelela ukumbonisa isihawu somfundi kumlingisi oyedwa noma omunye.

Antagonists kanye protagonists

Abalobi banamuhla bavame ukuhambisana nesakhiwo esamukelekayo, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izici ezinhle (i-protagonist) enesiboniso esibi esibukweni kumuntu ophikisanayo. Lokhu kulula kwenza umsebenzi ufinyeleleke ekuqondeni umfundi oyisisindo, kepha ukuhlelwa kwesimiso kunesici esibaluleke kakhulu: abantu abahle kakhulu noma abanomusa kuzo zonke izici bangavamile kakhulu ekuphileni, futhi uma ubheka ngokucophelela, akakaze. Kunzima kakhudlwana, ngakho-ke okuthakazelisayo kuyinkinga encwadini inoveli IA Goncharov. Ukuqhathaniswa kuka-Oblomov noStolz ekuboneni kuqala kuholela ekulahleni okungenalutho ubuvila obungacabangi bokucabanga, kodwa njengoba ukudalulwa kwezithombe kwenza ukuba umfundi acabange ngekusasa kanye nezimfanelo zabantu abalingiswa ababili. Futhi kuvela ukuthi konke akulula kangaka.

UStolz njengommeleli wobandlululo

Njengoba kucaciswa isibongo, u-Andryusha Stolz wazalelwa emndenini wamaJalimane aseRussia. Echaza ngalokhu, u-Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov ubonisa umbono ovunywa ngokujwayelekile (owenza kanjalo, kuze kube yilolu suku) ukuthi abantu bezinye izizwe abavela eYurophu badlala indima yezinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ifilosofi nokunye ezweni lethu.

Ngasekuqaleni kweRussia, amaJalimane abiza wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuzwe, izivakashi ezivela eNtshonalanga. Kodwa kusobala ukuthi okhokho baka-Andrew bavela emazweni aseJalimane. Mayelana nomama wakhe, cishe akukho lutho olwaziwa, ngaphandle kokuthi ungumhlonishwa waseRussia. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, abafana banempilo ehlukile. U-Oblomov noStolz bakhuliswa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ubaba waseJalimane ufuna ukuhlakulela ushintsho olufanele. Ufuna indodana yakhe ibe njengaye. Lokhu kuyisifiso esijwayelekile cishe bonke obaba, akukho lutho olumangalisayo kulokho. Uphefumulela ukuthi impumelelo izuzwe ngomsebenzi. Lesi simiso sokuphila esibalulekile (esaziwa, ngendlela, hhayi kuphela kumaJalimane) senza kudingekile ukuba usebenzise ubunzima nokucindezela. Ubaba akayithandi nje indodana yakhe, uyifundisa konke aziwayo futhi azi ngokwakho. Kuyadunyiswa, umzali onjalo angase abe yisibonelo sendawo yonke, kodwa iphuzu lonke ukuthi kunezihloko zokuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi ezingabhalwanga. Futhi nansi ama-antipodes amabili, u-Oblomov no-Stolz. Ukuqhathaniswa kwesiJalimane esisebenzayo kanye nesiRashiya esivilaphayo sihloko esiyintandokazi yamahlaya, futhi kulawo mazwe womabili. Sithanda ukuhleka usulu ngobuwula bethu, futhi eJalimane siyajabula ukugxila ezintweni ezinhle zomlingiswa kazwelonke.

Oblomov

Ukuqhathaniswa kukaStolz no-Oblomov ngeke kube nomgomo, uma singacabangi izici zokufundiswa kwengane kwabafana ababili. Uma u-Andrew njalo egcina uyise ephikisayo futhi efundisa konke ayengakwenza, khona-ke u-Ilyusha, ngokuphambene nalokho, wasebenzisa ubusha bakhe ngokuphumula okujabulisayo. Leli qiniso lodwa liletha impikiswano enkulu ebhizinisini elikhethekile laseJalimane, ngakho lihlonishwa "nabaseNtshonalanga" bethu bazo zonke izindawo. Kungenzeka ukuthi isimo sezakhi zofuzo siyoba namandla, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi, lapho ekhulunywe ngaleyo ndlela, u-Andrei wayezokhula abe yisidlo. Isifiso somsebenzi senziwa ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, lokhu kwaziwa yiwo wonke ochwepheshe bezengqondo. Ngakho-ke, uthisha ohlakaniphile, ngisho nasezimweni zobuntwana obungenalutho, udala izimo zokuphikisana "zemfundo" ukuze kuthuthukiswe umlingisi oqinile phakathi kwabameleli besizukulwane esincane. Uma konke kusekuhle, umzamo wokusebenzisa noma yini, futhi i-atrophy izofuna. Noma kunjalo, u-Ilya Ilich Oblomov unezici ezinhle zobuntu. Ungumuntu onomusa futhi ohlakaniphile ngendlela yakhe, ukungabi nalutho nokuziqhenya kuyisimanga kuye, unokuqonda ngokucacile indawo yakhe empilweni, okungukuthi, ukuzihlonipha okulungile.

Ubuhlobo

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingavamile ekuphileni kwethu. Umfanekiso walokhu kucabangela in novel Goncharov kungaba ubungane Stolz no Oblomov. Ama-Antipodes akhangwa kokubili ezimweni zomzimba nasezimo zokuphila. Ngamanye amaqhawe alo mlando ufuna okuthile kumngane wabo ukuthi yena ngokwakhe ulahlekile. Okwamanje, i-Ilya Ilyich ngandlela-thile ingathanda ukuba njengo-Andrei Ivanovich, nakuba kungenakho konke. Yebo, nesimo sengqondo sokuthandana sikaStolz (ngendlela, esinye sezici zaseJalimane). Umuntu ongokoqobo obesaba ukuphupha futhi acabange ngendlela eqondile futhi ekhonkolo kaningi akanayo umcabango wokufeza impumelelo yangempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ephumelele ebhizinisini, efinyelele esimweni esiphakeme sezenhlalakahle, omunye umuntu uzibamba ecabange ukuthi akatholanga injabulo. Kodwa kuye kuye kusho ukuthi impilo yomuntu wonke iyini. Futhi u-Oblomov uyajabula? Ukuqhathaniswa kukaStolz no-Oblomov kusikisela ukuthi ngamunye wabalingiswa unenkinga enkulu yokuphila, yona ngokwabo engacabangi ngisho nangezinye izikhathi.

Ukulungiswa kwezimo zokuziphatha

Umuntu waziwa uma enezinkinga ezinkulu. Kwenzeke ngokungafaniyo nezinguquko ezimweni zokuphila u-Oblomov no-Stolz. Ukuqhathaniswa nendlela yokuziphatha kwamakhoradi amabili kuvumela umuntu ukuba ahlole izinga lokunakekelwa kwabazali eliboniswa yiJalimane u-Ivan (Johann?) Ngokuphathelene nendodana yakhe ngesikhathi sikhuliswa. Lapho esemncane, lo mfana wathola ulwazi oluningi oluwusizo mayelana nezwe elizungezile. Kodwa, ngenxa yazo yonke imvelo yabo ehlelekile, babefana neqoqo lezinketho zesenzo, abakhethwe ku-arsenal njengoba nje umninikhaya ethola ukhiye ofanele esitokisini. Ngekhulu leminyaka yezenzakalo ezichazwe, mhlawumbe le ndlela iyaziphendulela, ngoba u-Stolz wakwazi ukuba ngumsebenzi webhizinisi eliphumelelayo futhi uphumelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sobuhlobo phakathi kuka-Oblomov noStolz sinesithakazelo. Ubuhlobo babo kusukela ebuntwaneni bwakhiwa ekuqapheliseni ubukhulu buka-Andrew.

Ngokuqondene no-Oblomov, i-algorithm yokuziphatha kwakhe yanciphisa ukunciphisa izinkathazo nezimpikiswano. Wayengafuni ukufundisa noma ngubani, kodwa wayengafuni ukufunda noma yini. Njengendoda efundisiwe, wayengabaza ukuthi ulwazi aluthole lusizo, ngokufanele bakholelwa ukuthi endleleni yakhe yokuphila abayidingi.

Abesifazane namaqhawe

Ukulala embhedeni, kunzima ukujabulela impumelelo namantombazane. Lesi sitatimende cishe ngeke sibuzwe, kodwa isiphetho sanikeza ithuba ku-Ilya Ilyich, owawuthandana naye okuthandayo kakhulu ngokuqondile. U-Olga Ilyinskaya, osemusha futhi omuhle, naphezu kokungaqondakali okuningi kokuziphatha kuka-Oblomov (futhi mhlawumbe ngenxa yabo, ngubani oqonda umphefumulo wesifazane?) Hamba othandweni neqhawe elingenangqondo. Osemncane futhi ekhangayo ku-Andrei Andrey Ivanovich, owaqala ukungabaluleki kulokhu kulwa, kodwa, njengoba ezwa iqiniso lakhe, wakwazi ukushintsha lesi simo. Ukuqhathanisa u-Oblomov noStolz ngokwezifiso zobuntu ngeke kuhambisane nalokho okugcina, kodwa ngothando, njengempi, zonke izindlela zilungile. Ngakho, okungenani, baseYurophu bayabheka, ikakhulukazi isiFulentshi. Ukuhlukumeza kuka-Ivan Ilyich, njengokujwayelekile, kwasebenza kuye. U-Oblomov wathola injabulo yakhe nomunye owesifazane, cishe ngokufanelekile kuye, u-Agafia Pshenitsyna, nakuba engekho ogqamile njengo-Olga, kodwa ozolile futhi onakekelayo.

Umehluko nokufana

Kunombono oqinile wokuthi kumuntu ka-Oblomov IA Goncharov wabiza ubuhle ubudlova ubukhulu, inertia kanye ne-inertia ye-Russian gentry. Uma silandela le logic, isithombe seStolz sihlanganisa izifiso eziqhubekayo ze-capital yaseRussia (ngemuva kwakho konke, naphezu kwesibongo sesiJalimane, wayengumuntu waseRussia). Kodwa-ke, kubonakala sengathi uGoncharov wayefuna ukusho okunye ngeveli yakhe, futhi waphumelela. U-Oblomov noStolz babengewona ama-antipodes anjalo . Isici esinikezwa u-Ilya Ilyich "sokungabi nesikhathi sezwe" sinomsindo omkhulu. Akafuni ukuhlala etafuleni lekhadi, akhulume ngezihluthulelo, athathe isithakazelo kukho konke. Uyathandana nesimo sengqondo sokucabangela izwe elikuzungezile futhi akuyona neze isiphukuphuku. Ukufana phakathi kuka-Oblomov noStolz kufaka isifiso sokubili kokulala. Ukuphela kwephupho lokuqala kukhonkolo, ngokomzimba, kanti okwesibili kunomqondo wokuziphatha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, u-Ilya Ilyich uyazi ukuthi ububi bakhe bubi kangakanani, uthi lokhu kumngane wakhe, eqaphela amandla akhe ekulwa nobuvila. U-Andrei Ivanovich akakwazi ukuzigxeka.

Kumelwe kuphi u-Oblomov?

Futhi yini umehluko phakathi kuka-Oblomov no-Stolz? Ukuqhathaniswa kubonakala kubonakala. Omunye ukulala ngaso sonke isikhathi, omunye ekuhambeni okuqhubekayo. U-Oblomov akafuni ngisho nokuzwa ngezimangalo zababolekisi, ufuna ukubhala uhlelo oluthile lokuvuselelwa kwefa lakhe, eliwela phansi, kodwa njalo lapho elala ngaphandle kokuqala lo msebenzi. UStolz uhlale emgwaqeni, ikakhulukazi phesheya. Ubiza lapho nomngane wakhe, benethemba lokuthi isimo samazwe akude sizovuswa kulo msebenzi obalulekile. U-Ilya Ilyich akahambeli ukuya endaweni ethile, yena kanye nezwe lakhe lakubo akubi, ikakhulu ngesikhathi lapho okuthile kuqala ukushintsha empilweni yakhe. Ngendlela, bobabili abangane bangasemncane, bangaphezu kwengamashumi amathathu (isibonelo, "indoda endala" uKarenine wayeneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-50 noTolstoy). Mhlawumbe, futhi ngokungafanele wayengafuni ukuthi u-Oblomov aphikisana nokuguga kwakhe ...

Ubani obaluleke kakhulu?

Uma ucabanga ukuthi i-novel Goncharov iyomsebenzi womqondo, khona-ke inganciphisa ukuphikiswa kwezinhlobo ezifana no-Oblomov no-Stolz. Ukuqhathaniswa kwabo emnothweni wezombangazwe kuzokuveza ukuphakama okucacile kokuqala okusebenzayo nokuziqhenya ngokwempilo yokuzindla. Njalo ngaso sonke isikhathi emisebenzini yakhe, wenza imali enhle, elingisa "umuntu ophuzi" ovuka ngo-6 futhi ekhululekile ngokuzivocavoca. Amanga okwesibini futhi ekhuluma ngokukhathazeka ngezinkinga zefilosofi, hhayi ukukhathalela ikusasa. Umphakathi u-Stolz owusizo kakhulu. Kodwa ingabe wonke umuntu angafana naye? Futhi kudingekile?

Mayelana nenkululeko

Ngokuphinde futhi ngifunde inkulumo ka-IA Goncharov engafi futhi ngiyihlolisise ngombono wombono ovulekile owenzela ezinye izingxenye zomphakathi wanamuhla, umuntu angase afike esiphethweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuthi ngu-Oblomov ongcono kakhulu "wezindinganiso zamahhala". "I-Westernizer" uStolz "nomuntu ophuzi" uhlonipha umsebenzi ukuqinisa umnotho wezwe lakhe, kodwa u-Oblomov uhlala yedwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa noma ubani, engafuni ukunakekela okuhle. Awuzange azalwe ngumuntu olwa naye, yini ongayenza ... Akayithandi uma eshukunyiswa, noma ngabe yenziwa ngezizathu zenobungane. Lokhu kuyindaba yenkululeko ngayinye, futhi wonke umuntu uhlala njengoba ethanda.

Ufa osemncane, ekwahlulela ngombhalo weveli, ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele eminyakeni engamashumi amane. Ukubhujiswa kuka-Oblomov kwakusobala ukuthi kuyindlela engafanele yokuphila, ekhethwe ngamabomu emva kokuhlukanisana no-Olga. Lokhu futhi kuyisinqumo somuntu siqu, nakuba kungumuntu wesintu kuyisihawu.