Umlando kwedolobha lase-Ivanovo: ngonyaka isisekelo, ezikhangayo umkhakha

Ikusasa Ivanovo uvele njengoba ongumlimi edolobheni elincane eliseduze sezindela Orthodox ekhulwini XVII. Kancane kancane, lesi sigodi selikhule sibonga ekuthuthukiseni lendawo yendwangu umkhakha. Kusukela ngekhulu XIX, iyisikhungo ezinkulu ezimbonini kanye labaculi ezibalulekile kwezomnotho kwalelo zwe.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala

umlando Ivanovo ezabhalwa omuzi aqala ngo 1609, lapho le ndawo yokuqala okukhulunywa zemihla ebhaliwe KuZiqu-zintathu-uSergiyu Lavra. Ngokusho kulo mthombo, idolobha elincane eyasungulwa abalimi nombaleki owashiya esigodlweni patrimonial wahlala phezu kwalo. Ukuze ukudida nabanye nemizana Ivanovo ezinamagama afanayo, ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi Ivanovo-Kohomskim (olandelayo kwaba Kohma inqaba).

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala emzaneni uxhumeke kwi-Isikhathi Nezinkinga, lapho Russia wahlushwa sempi yombango kokungenela Polish. abahlaseli Usufike ngisho kuya-Ivanovo. ERussia baphanga usesimweni esibi, kwakungekho ibutho eziqinile, okwakuyoholela smash saxosha abahlaseli. Ngo 1608-1609 GG. lo muzi wawakhiwe yasetshenziswa njengendlela reference iphuzu ibutho nabasePoland, naseLithuania futhi Cossacks abasekeli Amanga Dmitry II. Kakade ekhulwini XX, abavubukuli bathola e imifaniswano emzini isikhathi, senziwa imodeli West Europe. Ngo 1609-m (ngonyaka base-Ivanovo) emzaneni yayincane futhi isikhathi esithile wahlala ukucasha. Kodwa ukukhula komnotho okwengeziwe uye wakwenza elaliyisikhungo esibalulekile ekukhiqizweni yendwangu.

Boyar patrimony

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuqale Nezinkinga izindawo emhlabeni Kokhma kwakungekaNkulunkulu izilomo Prince Skopin-Shumsky. Ekhulwini XVI Pokrovsky sezindela yasungulwa lapha. Kukholakala ukuthi umholi odumile lempi Mikhail Skopin-Shumsky wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe kule ndawo. Umlando kwedolobha lase-Ivanovo - isibonelo samambala kwalesi sigodi ongumlimi azungeze isimo Russian. Abantu bakule ndawo, babehilelekile yokukhiqiza kanye ukudaya izindwangu kusukela yefilakisi, esetshenziswa ukwenza webs. Ukulima lapha kabi athuthukile ngenxa inhlabathi nizkoplodorodnyh.

Ngaphansi Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich kwaba yokubala abantu, ulwazi mayelana nokuthi iziphi usekhona imithombo. Siyabonga zokuwabona namuhla futhi wadlala umlando kwedolobha lase-Ivanovo. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XVII, kwakunabamemezeli abangaphezu kwekhulu ngamamitha, okungukuthi inani elikhulu indawo ezikude kangako.

abode Old Amakholwa

I mfula main kuyinto emfuleni imikhumbi Ivanovo Uvod. Ngenxa wakhe, abahlala edolobhaneni sakwazi ukumisa izibopho eziqinile zomnotho kanye izifunda angomakhelwane. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, inhlabathi kule ndawo ayivunyelwe sikhule ukolweni, kodwa kwaba indawo enkulu ukuqoqa isivuno esikhulu ngefilakisi.

Ngo 1638, emva uhlanga Skopin-Shuisky wanqamuka, emzaneni lidlule ezikhulwini Cherkassky. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-30 inani labantu Ivanovo kwaba kakade abantu 800, hhayi kuhlanganise ekuphathweni nabefundisi. Waqhubeka ebonakala nethempeli Elisha. Lelo nani yabo kwaba inkomba eyinhloko ekwandeni nokunonophala kwanoma iyiphi emzaneni Russian ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho leli zwe kwakukhona Uqhekeko, ezihambisana nekuhlelwa kabusha ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon, endaweni Ugcwalise ne Amakholwa Old. I ke umlando Ivanovo muzi wenziwe Ihlobene ngokuseduze popovtsev ukunyakaza. Laba bantu wabalekela emaphethelweni ezweni kude kuhulumeni, becindezela izihlubuki.

Inhloko-dolobha ye basembonini yendwangu

Ukuthuthukiswa kwaholela ukuvela ukwelukwa e amakhosi edolobhaneni ephrintiwe indwangu emidwebweni. Nale ndlela, ozofakwa izingubo amaphethini esizayo nombala umfanekiso. Ivanovo njengoba inhlokodolobha yendwangu Russia zenzeka ekhulwini XVII. izimpahla zendawo Bathengisa at Fairs ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe. Lezi izindwangu asetshenziswa sisikhulu emphakathini uwonke.

Kancane kancane uzuza ixazululwe ezingasho eSifundazweni Sase-Ivanovo, okwenza kube acebile nokuningi. izingcweti Local ihwebelana Astrakhan futhi ngalo emazweni asempumalanga - .. yasePheresiya, eCaucasus, njll Lezi sezomnotho bathonya ubuciko ngokwayo ompompi. Ivanovo imikhiqizo awuthwala isinyathelo isiko empumalanga.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII, Tsar uPetru mina baqala kabusha basembonini yendwangu. Lapho wathola edolobhaneni lase-Ivanovo amasiko siqu endlini. Kubasebenzi bayo eqoqwe izintela ukuhweba, okuyinto wahamba endaweni yomcebo. Nokho, lapho angena ngomfutho igagasi elisha abasebenzi, kwaqala ukuvela izindawo ezintsha zomphakathi, ezifana ezinkantini. Njengabo bonke abanye nemizana Russian kwaleso sikhathi, emzaneni wahlushwa imililo njalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1723 i-mlilo washisa amayadi angu ezingaphezu kuka-200, kusale izakhamuzi eziningi ngaphandle amakhaya kanye nendawo yokuhlala.

NGESIKHATHI senguquko kwezezimboni

Okuxakayo nje ukubaluleka kwezomnotho Ivanovo liye lenyuka ngenxa Impi Ye-1812. Lapho ibutho sikaNapoleon yahlasela eMoscow futhi kwenza kwaba umlilo omkhulu, lushiswe emlilweni, kuhlanganise naseMoscow kanye ukwelukwa ibhizinisi. Ngemva kwalokho, Ivanovo nezimboni isikhathi eside awahlangabezananga mncintiswano ezimakethe ezifuywayo angaphandle. Bona ngokuqiniseka wathatha niches kwezomnotho, okuyinto ke kwakungelamuntu oyinika.

Uma ku 1810 ukudayiswa izindwangu Ivanovo alethwe ruble 1 million noma iminyaka engu-7 kamuva lesi sibalo liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi 7. Kwakukhona wendawo fabrikantskie lwamakhosi - .. Kuvaeva, Polushina, Garelina njll Asisa hhayi kuphela ukukhiqizwa ayo, kodwa futhi ingqalasizinda ezisemadolobheni. izimboni bendawo baqala akutholakali kuphela imizi elingumakhelwane eMoscow, kodwa futhi abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Siqala belatedly, kodwa e-Ivanovo ekhulwini XIX waqala yayo izinguquko kwezezimboni. abanikazi bamabhizinisi lihamba kude umsebenzi wezandla ukuze izimboni kanye kuvula ukukhiqizwa imoto. amabhizinisi okusha ivumela ukwandisa ijubane ukukhiqizwa futhi inzuzo ngokudayisa. Saqala ukuba avele amafactory ezingafakwanga kuhlobane ngokuqondile izindwangu, kodwa unendima asekelayo. Kwakuwusuku zamakhemikhali, ngensimbi, mechanical ukotini emshinini. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukuqedwa abalimi abaningi serfdom Ivanovo ngenxa ingcebo yalo yendwangu ngenani intando ngisho babe bathengisi. Ukusebenza lesi sakhiwo esisha sase ahlelwe abampofu futhi abadla imbuya ngothi basemadolobhaneni angomakhelwane. Laba bantu bazinza Posada, ogama inombolo kwanda.

Isimo edolobheni

Ngo-1872, u-Alexander II Tsar ngemvume isimemezelo ku ukusungulwa kwedolobha lase-Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Nge lesi senzo, ke semthethweni a accompli fait. Leli dolobhana selikhule isikhathi eside, futhi ekuthuthukeni kwayo kwezomnotho wawumkhulu kakhulu idolobha elincane ukucasha esifundazweni uVladimir. Umzabalazo ukusungulwa edolobheni owenziwa iziphathimandla zendawo amashumi eminyaka.

Emuva ngo-1853, ezindaweni eziningana ukuthi uvele emhlabeni emzaneni, babehlanganiswe Voznesensky Posad. bakhona aba yizinkulungwane 3.5 ababazi kanye nezisebenzi. Abahlali emzaneni were kabili njengoba ningi, kodwa kwaba kwezomnotho emuva ngaphezulu. I tenements baba ahlale Duma burgher, usihlalo we-elaba abakhiqizi abanethonya futhi wakuthola.

Kuyinto isinyathelo yangasese nezimboni eyakufakela ugqozi kabusha ukuthuthukiswa Ivanovo. IRussia ngo 1860 wazibonela kwekuhlela kabusha eziningana ezinkulu. Umnotho waqhamuka yesimanje kosozimali imigqa. On yangasese ukusekelwa imali Isibhedlela kwamiswa abasebenzi, isikole lobuchwepheshe izingane zabo, kanye umtapo wezincwadi womphakathi. Namuhla lezi zakhiwo - izikhumbuzo Ivanovo.

Ngenxa American Civil War baseRussia baye cishe saphela ukuletha lapho le ukotini. Lokhu kancane encishisiwe isihloko sokukhula komnotho e-Ivanovo. Nokho, inhlokodolobha yendwangu Russia eqala ukukhuluphala ngenxa ukuqedwa serfdom futhi outflow ka abalimi basebenzisa namafemu. Lokho yokwanda kwenani labantu nokukhuphuka ukwanda isibalo amabhizinisi ophoqelelwe kuhulumeni ukuba banake emzaneni ngiwunike isimo edolobheni.

izibhelu yesigaba sabasebenzi

Esikhathini nokukhula masinya Ivanovo-Voznesensk bezofika bonke abasebenzi abasha. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu izimboni kanye indawo ekhethekile umnotho wedolobha ngisho yase yaziwa ngokuthi "Russian Manchester". Nokho, okwandisa mass ukusebenza kwaholela ekwandeni e ukungezwani emphakathini. Yingakho phakathi ekuqaleni XX linemibhikisho ekhulwini zonke izifunda Ivanovo onyakaziswa, izimangalo nezinye izinhlobo umbhikisho yesigaba sabasebenzi namagunya.

Umuzi waba isikhungo Luhambo abasekeli imibono ehluke kakhulu kwezepolitiki. Ngo 1892 kwabonakala emjikelezweni lokuqala Marxists, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 6 Kwakukhona ikomidi Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party. Eyokuqala revolution Russian ngo-1905 kuya ku-Ivanovo buboniswa ngokuba iziteleka mass. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa izinsuku 72. Kulinganiselwa ahlukahlukene, ngaphakathi khalaza ubuhanjelwe ayizinkulungwane 30 abasebenzi ababenganelisekile. izimfuno zazo zazingamashumi ejwayelekile ngaleso sikhathi - ukuvumelana iholo embundwini ubuncane ukungena amahora ayisishagalombili okusebenza usuku, njll ...

Abakhiqizi wenqaba athambise isandla ababhikishi. Khona-ke laba babhikishi labetibambile ukhetho zabo bese kuqokwa 151 abamele. Labo wadala Ivanovo-Voznesensky edolobheni kabanzi nangamaphesenti Umkhandlu amasekela abasebenzi '. Kwakuwusuku inhlangano yokuqala enjalo emlandweni wezwe. Ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet, Ivanovo izenzakalo ka 1905 elinikwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. eziyinkimbinkimbi ayisikhumbuzo "Krasnaya Talka" yasungulwa ngo edolobheni. Kuhlanganisa nezakhiwo eziningana Ivanovo, umlando ukunyakaza wamavukelambuso. Ngo-1905, umsebenzi party kwaba abasha kwamaBolshevik Mikhail Frunze. Kamuva, wayeyoba omunye ovelele ngabaholi bezempi abaholi zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Umsebenzi wakhe waqala ncamashi wamavukelambuso eSifundazweni Sase-Ivanovo.

Ukusungulwa kweziGungu kwamaBolshevik amandla

Ngemva abdication Nicholas II eSifundazweni Sase-Ivanovo ombaxambili, owawungumnyaka ejwayelekile kakhulu zaleli zwe. Kolunye uhlangothi kule mpi kwaba eSoviet of amaphini Workers, futhi ngakolunye - abameleli Yesikhashana kaHulumeni. Okokuqala, umuzi lalinethonya elikhulu we SRS futhi Mensheviks. Lapho ehlobo owawuse kabusha ukhetho emikhandlwini yendawo, iningi izihlalo kuwo elalihlala amaBolshevik. Ukuze uthole izindaba mayelana Okthoba Revolution e Petrograd babekulungele futhi ngokushesha wadala indlunkulu wamavukelambuso. Impi yombango cishe engabathinti lezi zindawo. Amandla amaBolshevik lidlule ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi, nomhlophe kanye akuzange ukufika kuleli dolobha.

Ngo-1918, esifundazweni Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya yadalwa. It yaba isikhungo basembonini yendwangu ye Russia Soviet. AmaBolshevik wadala isihloko esisha umfelandawonye, ngesisekelo ukuzimela kwakhe kwezomnotho nesizungu ezivela kwezinye izifunda angomakhelwane. Isimo esisha ngokushesha kubonakala empilweni edolobheni. Yayisekelwe imfundiso nezikhungo polytechnic. Baqala ukuvela izikole ezintsha, izibhedlela, iminyuziyamu nemitapo. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 20. wavula Wamanzi siqu, futhi ngemva kwakhe, ngesimo amabhasi ezokuthutha zomphakathi.

New yendwangu ifektri emzini bakhangwa abasebenzi abavela ezindaweni eziseduze. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abesifazane abaningi, evumelana seamstresses, njll Ngakho-ke, esikhathini Soviet Ivanovo wathola igama ethandwa - .. "Umuzi omakoti". Iziphathimandla zendawo ngokushesha sayidayisa konke akwazi ukukhumbuza ama-inkathi wasebukhosini. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1932 i-Ivanovo-Voznesensk wagcina uqambe kabusha Ivanovo. PLACENAME Owabe Sibhalwe isinyathelo we yenkolo wangaphambili Orthodox futhi kwabacasula amaBolshevik.

isikhungo lesifunda Soviet

Phakathi ezinhlanu zokuqala Ivanovo izuzwe isimo "inhlokodolobha yesithathu lena yesigaba sabasebenzi" ngemva eMoscow naseLeningrad. Kwakuhlangene inqwaba izimboni kanye namabhizinisi ukuze uvule. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuholi Soviet wayehlela ukuhambisa sokuqondisa se RSFSR e imuphi omunye umuzi, lapho ephuma enhlokodolobha zaseSoviet eMoscow. Phakathi "ukhetho" sesihloko kwaba kanye Ivanovo, nakuba umsebenzi awenziwanga.

Noma kunjalo, ku-yalolucwaningo 20-30. lowo muzi wahlangabezana enzeke ngobukhulu. Ivanovo kakhulu kabusha. abaklami Soviet wabheka ke njengoba yindawo ekuhlolwa ucwaningo zabo. Ngenxa yalokhu namuhla phakathi nendawo yesifunda kukhona ezikhumbuzo eziningi ekuqaleni constructivism sezenhlalo. Amanye amadolobha esiphawulekayo mikhulu kakhulu futhi eyingqayizivele isekisi esikoleni wezwe izingane zomkhaya angaphandle lamaKhomanisi (Interdom).

KwamaBolshevik kabusha Ivanovo iye kokululama eziningi amathempeli namasonto eyakhelwe zangenkathi czarist. Ngokwesibonelo, lachithwa Pokrovsky Monastery, azungeze okuyinto ngesikhathi esisodwa bakha isiphetho, kamuva elaba isikhungo lesifunda. isakhiwo sayo ladilizwa futhi endaweni yayo Drama eyakhelwe Theatre, labavulekela ngo-1939.

Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kwaba ejwayelekile ezingemuva Ivanovo edolobheni. Lapha izibhedlela mass ukuvulelwa amasosha nezakhamuzi zabantu zathuthelwa kwezinye izindawo. Ngokuvamile athatha emagcekeni izikole kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi. Ngo-1942, base for the French emoyeni ibutho "Normandie-Niemen" sidalwe ngomhlaka- sezindiza Ivanovo. pilot Foreign alwa ohlangothini eSoviet Union ngokumelene Axis. Ngo-Ivanovo, babehlala zokulala ehlukile.

yesimanjemanje

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II ngo-Ivanovo ngaqala ukuvula hhayi kuphela evamile yendwangu amabhizinisi, kodwa futhi izitshalo umshini wokwakha. Ukuvela amafactory kwaholela ukwanda ngokushesha komsebenzi izindlu zasemadolobheni 1980. Eziningi zalezi zinkampani zisebenza namuhla.

Umuzi zanamuhla ubani oye ifakwe izici zonke nangenkathi odlule. Kuze kube manje, kwakukhona mpikiswano phakathi izakhamuzi, ukuthi kubalulekile ukubuyela igama layo zomlando Ivanovo Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Leligxathu livela izishoshovu kanye nabaholi Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, izakhamizi Ivanovo banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi igama samanje edolobheni kufanelekile ubudala okuningi.

Amatshwayo edolobheni

Ngo-1970-ke kwavunyelwana elingenamikhono izingalo Ivanovo. engavamile yayo itholakala iqiniso ukuthi kwakungasebenzeki aminyene imiklamo ejwayelekile KwabaseSoviet Kwakugxile Khona - .. Sickle, isando, inkanyezi, njll Esikhundleni salokho, wachaza uphawu inguquko yokuqala Russian - ithoshi, kanye uhlaka lokweluka indwangu Shuttle.

Ngemva kwalokhu elingenamikhono izingalo Ivanovo washintsha kanye kuphela. Ngo-1996, waba umfanekiso intombazane sundress obomvu kanye sesembozo. Ezandleni zakhe kuyinto isondo ukuphotha - uphawu yendwangu amabhizinisi amaningi. Female isithombe izingalo - lena ngenye isiqinisekiso sokuthi isimo "umuzi omakoti" yanikwa ngesizathu esithile. Lihlanzekile leli dolobha futhi idume abesifazane Abeluki yayo ukwelukwa. Ivanovo ifulege, esenziwa ngo-2003, ukuthi okuphindiwe umqondo.