Izigameko zaseParis: izithombe nokubuyekezwa kwezivakashi

Sekuyisikhathi eside izidumbu zaseParis zihloswe ngokuqaphela kokubili izakhamuzi zendawo kanye nabahlali abaningi. Yini eheha izivakashi eziningi kangaka lapha ngonyaka? Njengomthetho, lesi sifiso sokujwayele umlando wedolobha elikhulu. Nakuba akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ongezinye izikhathi abashisekayo noma abagibeli abaya emaphandleni aseParis. Lezi zindawo empeleni zigcwele imfihlakalo nemfihlakalo, futhi kuyodingeka iminyaka eminingi yokucwaninga ukuphendula imibuzo eminingi.

Lesi sihloko senzelwe ukutshela into enjekayo futhi engaziwa yenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, njengedolobha elingaphansi komhlaba labafileyo. Umfundi uzothola imininingwane, okungukuthi, njengomthetho, ngisho neziqondiso ezihlangene kakhulu azitshele izivakashi.

Isigaba 1. Incazelo ejwayelekile

Ama-catacombs, elula ngaphansi kwenhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, iyisimiso semigudu eyabonakala ngaphansi komuzi esikhathini esedlule.

Imidwebo engavamile engaphansi komhlaba inebude obungamakhilomitha angamakhulu amathathu. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi kwakhiwa izitsha zakudala ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezinto ezidingekayo ekwakhiweni kwezindlu zamakhosi namathredrals edolobheni phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi. Kamuva, umgodla waba yindawo yabantu abaningi futhi waba ngamathuna amakhulu. Inombolo yamaParisisi engcwatshwe lapha idlula inani lamanje laleli dolobha laseFrance.

Ngisho nangesikhathi esidala, amaRoma ayidla i-limestone kulezi zindawo, kodwa imayini yayinohlobo oluvulekile. Kancane kancane, njengoba idolobha landa, kanjalo nenani lalezi zakhiwo. Ingxenye enkulu yemigudu yabonakala ngesikhathi iNkosi yaseFrance uPhilippus Augustus, eyabusa ngo-1180-1223, ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa umshini wokushisa ama-limestone ekwakhiweni kwezingqimba ezivikelayo.

Isigaba 2. Amaphekula eParis. Umlando wesenzakalo

Ingqikithi yemingcele engaphansi komhlaba, eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-limestone, ingamamitha ayizi-11 000 square. M.

Isiqalo sokuqala se-limestone ngaphansi komhlaba saqala ngaphansi kukaLouis XI, owathi ngaleyo njongo wanikeza umhlaba wenqaba yaseVavert. Esikhathini sokuzalwa kabusha izifunda zaseParis zakhula ngokushesha, futhi ngekhulu le-XVII. Izindawo zokuhlala ezingaphansi komhlaba eParis, ezitholakala manje cishe kuzo zonke iziqondiso ezizinikezelwe enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, zazingekho edolobheni, okwaholela engozini yokuhluleka komhlaba emigwaqweni.

Ngo-1777, iKosi Louis XVI yasungula ukuhlolwa kokukhamba, okwamanje kusasebenza namhlanje. Sekuyiminyaka engama-200, abasebenzi belesi sikhungo bazama ukuqinisa nokuvimbela ukuhamba komhlaba emgodini. Ama-mines amaningi ayegcwele izikhukhula, kepha izinqaba zaqedwa kancane kancane ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba aseSeine, futhi ingozi yokuwa phansi yaqhubeka.

Isigaba 3. Isikhombandlela se-Historical Summary

Umlando wamathambo aseParis uhlangene ngokuqondile nokuphila kwabantu bakuleli dolobha. Ngendlela ngayiphi indlela? Sinikeza ukwaziswa ngamaqiniso amaningana:

• Emaphepheni angaphansi komhlaba kaChaillot, ngesikhathi seMbukiso Wezwe eParis (ngo-1878), i-caacombs "cafe yavulwa. Abaningi bathi ngesibindi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuvakashela le ndawo
• Emagodini enhloko-dolobha ukhulisa amakhowe, okuyizinto eziwuthandayo emkhakheni wezwe waseFrance.
• Umlobi odumile uVictor Hugo wadala inkulumo enkulu kakhulu ethi "Les Miserables", isakhiwo sakhe sihlobene eduze nezwe elingaphansi komhlaba eParis.
• Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ama-quarries asetshenziswa abaholi beFrance Resistance. Ehlobo lika-1944, kwahlelwa ikomkhulu, eyayisemamitha angama-500 kuphela kusukela ku-buncist bunker.
• Esikhathini seMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nosongo lokuhlaselwa kwezikhali zenuzi, amanye amathangi ejele avuselelwa ngaphansi kwezikhungo zokuhlasela amabhomu.
• "I-Paris Catacombs" - ifilimu, enye yezinto ezimbalwa ezingafakiwe kwi-set, kodwa ngqo emagodini ngokwazo.

Isigaba 4. Iyini ibhokisi lebhassari?

Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi, iSonto LamaKatolika alizange livimbele ukucwatshwa eduze kwamasonto, amaningi awo ayesezindaweni. Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili bangcwatshwe eMathuneni angenacala, okuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke eParis. Kukhona izinsalela ezingekho nje kuphela zesonto ezivamile, kodwa futhi nabantu abafa ngenkathi isifo sengculazi futhi bafa kubulawe ebusuku eSt. Varfolomeevsky. Futhi emathuneni bangcwatshwa amakhulu emzimbeni engaziwa.

Akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi ngokuvamile amathuna afinyelele kumamitha ayishumi, futhi isigundane sezwe senyuke sibe ngamamitha amathathu.

Akumangalisi ukuthi emathuneni omuzi kamuva waba umthombo wokusabalalisa, kanti ngo-1763 iphalamende lavimbela amathuna amaningi edolobheni. Ngo-1780, emva kokuwa kodonga oluhlukanisa isonto elisuka endaweni yedolobha, amathuna avaliwe ngokuphelele, futhi akekho owangcwatshwa eParis.

Sekuyisikhathi eside, izinsalela emva kokushiswa kwe-disinfection zithunyelwa emakamelweni angaphansi komhlaba eTomb-Isuar. Abasebenzi babebeka amathambo ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-17, okwenza udonga, futhi amamitha angaba ngu-780 amamitha ayibonakaliswe nezinsalela zomuntu oshonile, ezazingezombuthano. Ngakho emahlathini aseParis ngo-1786, i-Ossary yasungulwa. Lapha, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha bathole ukuthula, kuhlanganise nobuntu abaningi abadumile, kodwa ngisho nangaphezulu - akekho owaziyo.

Isigaba 5. Amaphangi eParis namhlanje

Ngokusho kwezokuvakasha, ukuya e-Ossary, ungaqapheli ukuthi ubude obungamamitha angu-20. Lapha ungabona ukudweba kwodonga lwekhulu le-XVIII, izikhumbuzo ezihlukahlukene nezakhiwo zomlando, i-altare elisemgodini wokuhambisa umoya.

Izivakashi kanye nezakhamuzi zendawo zithi, ukulalelisisa ugwadule, ungabona umugqa omnyama - "Intambo ka-Ariadne", eyasiza ekulahlekelweni emaphepheni esikhathini esidlule, lapho kungekho gesi. Manje etilongweni kukhona izindawo ezingashintshi kusukela: izikhumbuzo nama-bas-reliefs, ezifakwe emangcwabeni amakhulu eminyaka edlule; Kuhle ngemayini ye-limestone; Ukusekela amakholomu we-arch.

Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-catacombs eParis (ngo-2014 - esinye isiqiniseko salokhu) asuke ekhanga kakhulu ethandwa yinhloko-dolobha yaseFrance.

Isigaba 6. Indlela yokungena ngaphakathi

Ukungena emaphandleni aseParis kuyisiteshi sesitimela "iDferfer-Rochereau" (Denfert-Rochereau). Indawo ephawulekayo yisithombe sezingonyama. Amakhamera avuliwe nsuku zonke (ngaphandle kweMsombuluko) kusukela ngo-10.00 kuya ku-17.00. Izindleko zohambo ziyi-8-10 euro (izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-14 - mahhala).

Ngandlela-thile, abahambi abanolwazi bayelulekwa ukuba banakekele ukuthi ukuvakashelwa ngabanye kuvunyelwe.

Njengamanje, izivakashi zinemibukiso enamamitha angu-2.5 ubude. Futhi kukhona izindawo ezivaliwe eziyingozi ukuvakashela. Ngo-November 1955 eParis kwakhishwa ngokukhethekile umthetho owenqabela ukuhlala kulezi zindawo. Futhi kusukela ngo-1980, amakholi asepolitiki ngabanye aqaphela ukuhambisana nale mithetho.

Isigaba 7. Ukusongela Ukuvakashelwa Okungekho Emthethweni

Naphezu kwazo zonke izinqatshelwe, kukhona abathandi bokuzijabulisa, okuyinto, engozini yokuphila kwabo, ukungena ngokungenamthetho emgodini ngokufaka ama-sewers, iziteshini zasitimeleni, njll njll.

Imidwebo engaphansi komhlaba ene-labyrinths encane futhi ephansi inezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho kulula ukulahlekelwa khona. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1793 umlindi wesonto laseVal de Gras wazama ukuthola izitsha zewayini zakudala emakolishi, kodwa walahlekelwa indlela. Isidumbu sakhe sitholakale emva kweminyaka eminingi, ukukhomba abampofu ngokuhlanganyela nezihluthulelo nezingubo ezisele.

Amanqamu amanje nanamuhla, kodwa amaphoyisa asekhaya enza konke okusemandleni ukuvimbela abagibeli bezintaba ngaphakathi.

Kuleli zwe, eqinisweni, kunezinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo: i-Eiffel Tower, iLouvre, amadolobha amadala amadala, ulwandle, amasimu angapheliyo ezivini, izidumbu zaseParis ... Nokho, iFrance kufanele ikhunjulwe kuphela ngezikhathi ezijabulisayo nemizuzu ejabulisayo. Wonke umuntu osuvele wakwazi ukuvakashela ngaphakathi kwaleso sikhungo ulungele ukukuvimbela ukwenza isenzo sokukhwabanisa.