Ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo esifundeni. Amathemba yentuthuko. yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle

Njengamanje, umnotho womhlaba uya ngenqubo nzima - ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. yi salo sesibe kwammangaza omkhulu. Baye abathintekayo cishe yonke imikhakha iminotho yamazwe amaningi. Kulokhu, izinguquko ezenzeka Ezimweni eziningi, izinto ngesikhathi osithandayo, nemvelo ezingalindelekile we kusengaphambili. ngezinye izikhathi It has nomthelela ongemuhle lonke imikhakha yezomnotho yezwe, ekugcineni ngokuletha ukulahlekelwa ungalungiseki. Kule ndaba, ososayensi yamazwe amaningi iye wajuba ukufunda izinqubo zangaphakathi kwembulunga yonke jikelele, okuyinto encike ngqo kwi ukuthuthukiswa inhlangano ezimakethe zomhlaba ngasinye.

Inqubo kwembulunga yonke

ukunyakaza Modern jikelele akukwazi kufanelekile ku kohlaka izikimu theory yayikhona ngaphambili, esekelwe kakade izenzakalo zomlando iphutha. At inhliziyo ohlelweni esetshenziswa ukubeka imfundiso yokuziphendukela isikhathi okungenamingcele isikhala nokuthuthuka komuntu. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke futhi imithetho yayo eziyisisekelo baye babonisa ngokucacile ubuze besimo lesi sitatimende: wentuthuko esimeme kanye nokusebenza umnotho womhlaba engavimba izinsiza ezilinganiselwe nezinqubo yizenzo zabantu. Ngenxa yalokho, umqondo omusha yentuthuko global, ehlanganisa iqoqo amasu nezimo elinganiselwe, ukuze kubhekwane nezinselelo global. Ukulwisana ubumpofu nokufeza inhlalakahle yomphakathi jikelele - okungukuthi phakathi izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu kwembulunga yonke, okungase Kwenzeka kuphela uma ukukhula imali sabantu nokwenyuka umkhiqizo jikelele ngamunye isimo ngabanye. Ngo inqubo ifeze sinendima ebalulekile isethi ingqikithi zonke izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, ezifana imvelo nobudlelwano emphakathini wesintu. ne ukuxhumana ilungelo labantu emphakathini umphakathi nge imvelo kuphela sizokwazi ukwandisa ukuthuthukiswa jikelele nemingcele ngokuya ambalwa kanye qualitative.

Russia ohlelweni kwezomnotho yesimanje

Nge ngokuwa kweSoviet Union futhi kwathatha ubudlelwane emakethe , umnotho waseRussia sihlangabezane ukushaqeka omkhulu, okuyindawo zingaphumi kuze kube yilolu suku. Kuze kube manje, it is ebhekene umsebenzi ngokukhetha isu isikhathi eside, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi izonqunywa endaweni yayo esizayo emhlabeni. Kubalulekile ukunikeza ukuhlolwa efanele wonke amathuba yezwe futhi ukucacisa indawo yokuqala kusukela lapho isiqalo uzonikezwa. Kulokhu, ukuhlola indima futhi esikhundleni Russia kuwufanele ngokuya ukuzinza umnotho walo, okuyinto yena, kumelwe sifune ukunciphisa izindleko, ngokusekelwe ezinye izinsiza nonrenewable yemvelo futhi esikhundleni sabo ukuyithola noma ngaphansi ezingavamile. Isici esibalulekile nansi ekulondolozweni imvelo esimweni esifanayo. Ezimweni zanamuhla, lapho izimboni eziningi imishini yokukhiqiza sekuyisikhathi eside ongasasebenzi, ushintsho jikelele emnothweni yasekhaya kungenzeka kuphela lapho umuntu eba ubuchwepheshe ezintsha. Ukusetshenziswa amasu amasha lokuhlelwe ngcono ikhwalithi imikhiqizo kanye nobungako. Lokhu kuyogcina kubangele ukwanda ikhono ukuncintisana isimo. Lesi simo - ngomunye wemigomo eziholela ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo izifunda of Russia e inchubo yekusabalalisa emhlabeni wonkhe jikelele. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinguquko okudingeka ukuba isifundo njalo uqaphele, ngesisekelo lapho oyokwenziwa ukulungisa okwengeziwe. ukubaluleka okukhulu kulesi sici has a Regional Development Fund nomphakathi. Ngaphezu imisebenzi yokuthuthukisa ezomnotho ezindaweni, ngokuhlanganisa nemisebenti lehlose nokugcina ezingeni elifanele zokuvikeleka komphakathi yezakhamuzi. Komphakathi Regional Development Fund nezindaba kubaluleke kakhulu efaka ngisho ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla nokunakekela isimo ukuze izwe lonke.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ezincwadini wesimanje

ithiyori kwezomnotho Modern Sizokwenza inkinga kwembulunga yonke, isibalo esikhulu semisebenzi. Nokho, emhlabeni yesayensi kuze kube manje akukho mqondo sobala kwembulunga yonke, labalobi esihilelekile kule ndaba, kuletha okuthile eyabo, ngokubeka aqonda yenqubo. Iningi ososayensi lakhomba inani izinhlelo enqubeni kwembulunga yonke. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, emkhakheni wezezimali, ohlelweni ukukhiqiza kanye nemakethe kolwazi nobuchwepheshe. Abacwaningi naqaphela ithonya ezilethwa kwembulunga yonke ku umphakathi wezwe lonke. Ngakho, ngenxa computerization emphakathini blurs imingcele ezimakethe zezimali, kuba lula ukuhambisa dolobha, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba kwezomnotho isimo siba okunemibandela.

I kuZwekazilinye

Elichaza inqubo kwembulunga yonke ngokugcwele, kudingeka uhlole zonke izinhlobo lapho ukuthi kuziveza. Kuze kube yimanje, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuze uhlukanise inkinga jikelele, okungukuthi ukusabalalisa izinkinga ezithile amaqembu athile, lapho esikhathini esizayo Kuyophumela ethubeni kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi - uhlelo yentuthuko lesifunda. Nge lendlela ngezigaba kulula ukuxazulula inkinga ukuqonda theory kanye nokuthola izindlela zokuya ukuxazulula. Kulesi izinkinga ngokwahlukana emaqenjini kungomunye akuwona umgomo oyinhloko. Lona ngowodwa nje kuyingxenye ebalulekile indlela olunzulu ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Le ndlela wembula ubuqiniso izinhloso ukuhlonza main zokuxhumana indlela ukusungula ukusebenzisana kanye ukuhlonza izinkinga global, isifundo okufanele zenzeka endaweni yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nkinga ye ekulinganisweni futhi kucatshangelwa ithonya mutual kwakhiwa ukulandelana sokugcina izinyathelo ezingokoqobo ukuze umsebenzi. Kahle ekulinganisweni amakhefu inkinga evamile ngezigaba, lapho esigabeni ngasinye ucwaningo ayabaluleka enemininingwane ngaphezulu futhi zilungile. Ngakho baba ngokucace kakhudlwana ezicini ebonakalayo yentuthuko lesifunda.

izincwadi besimanje alinikezi isiqondiso ocacile phezu kwezinhlangano isethi Izinkinga ezijwayelekile emaqenjini. Zikhona izindlela eziningi ezahlukene ezichaza inqubo. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi ozokwenziwa zanoma iyiphi inkinga okungenzeka ukuthi kunoma iliphi iqembu elithile oluphakeme ezivamile. Kule ndaba, indlela lokubhidliza ngemacembu is akubone njengoNkulunkulu weqiniso kuphela, kodwa njengoba omunye ambalwa, imiphumela okuyinto kufanele sinake. Kuyasiza ukuze uqonde kangcono ubunjalo ukuvela nezindaba global futhi ukusetha nobuhlobo babo yangaphakathi nomunye. Lokhu isidingo ukwehlukana Imininingwane ku subgroups ngenxa ngokuyinhloko amandla okulinganiselwe womuntu, esenziwa okuyinto abantu abakwazi ngokushesha lapho zibhekene nomsebenzi jikelele lonke.

Izikhonzi isimiso sezomnotho

ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo esifundeni ngokuyinhloko libhekene ubudlelwano phakathi zokukhiqiza kanye capital. Kulesi isici ukuphathwa lizonwetshwa minyaka kwethonya izifundo ezengeziwe. Kule ndaba, kukhona ukukhula njalo ubudlelwano ukuhweba phakathi emakethe abadlali emkhakheni ubudlelwane ukuhweba kanye nezinsizakalo. Isakhiwo nakwezomnotho wesifunda ihlanganisa izici eziningana. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa:

- beqinisa ukuxhumana phakathi emakethe izifundo nokwandisa umkhiqizo kakhulu yokulinda;

- ukudalwa corporations sezizwe ezihlukahlukene;

- ukunyakaza njalo capital aphume umnotho zendaba kwenye umnotho kanye nokuguqulwa;

- ukuhanjiswa ezohwebo kanye notshwala zezimali phakathi abahlanganyeli emakethe.

Single isimiso sezwe somnotho kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ngenani amaqembu ngaphakathi esifundeni efanayo, ngamunye ephethe umthelela yayo siqu kwi-GDP emhlabeni. Ekugcineni, iningi ukuhweba emhlabeni unawe ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo kanye exchange of imikhiqizo (izinto zokusetshenziswa) phakathi imikhakha. Isibonelo esihle salokhu ubudlelwano phakathi ukuthuthukiswa ikakhulukazi emakethe abalingisi, okuyinto eyabangela angaphezu kuka-60% azo zonke yohwebo emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sabantu lala mafu lingaphansi kuka-20% inani labantu emhlabeni. Kuyinto omele eliqavile EU, lapho kufika ku-70% wezindleko ukuhweba inzuzo ewela ukuhweba phakathi kwezinhlangano Union.

Corporations nezinhlangano zokuthenga ngesikweletu

I yagxila Umnotho wanamuhla usitshela lo kwembulunga yonke jikelele dolobha. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, State ngamunye iqhaza ku isimiso sezomnotho somhlaba, kubalulekile ukusebenza corporations sezizwe ezihlukahlukene esebenza ezimweni eziningi njengoba abalingani alinganayo. Kulokhu, ibhizinisi ungaba nomthelela obalulekile ukuphathwa komnotho wephasi loke bebonke. Kule ndaba, uhulumeni kazwelonke ezingeni eliphezulu bephoqeleka ukuba siphethe nabo ezihlukahlukene izivumelwano kwezomnotho. Kulesi simo, yisisusa esinamandla sokuba ukuthuthukiswa kwaba emakethe wesikweletu dolobha. Izulu laqala kuphakama isidingo ukudala ethize zokuhweba amapulatifomu lapho amabhange ayemkweleta elise kwelinye izwe futhi esebenza imali yezwe, kungase kunikeze ukubolekisa noma idiphozithi abekho lwemali kazwelonke. Nokho, imisebenzi enjalo Akasekho noMthetho kaZwelonke. Ezimakethe abolekise kukhona isimo elandelayo: akugcini yimithetho kazwelonke, lezi izimakethe babe okungenela kuyona izikebhe ezincane ngenxa angahlelekile zenzalo. ekugcineni Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni nokwanda okuphawulekayo wesikweletu izinsiza komnotho womhlaba futhi sehle kakhulu lula ukufinyelela kubo ngumsebenzisi sekupheleni. Lokhu, kuye kwaba nethonya enkulu yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.

Ukuthuthukiswa innovative esifundeni

Ezweni lethu, njengoba iye kuphawuliwe ngenhla, igunya oyinhloko ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi kwezomnotho ukwethulwa ezintsha kuzo zonke izindawo umsebenzi sabantu. Nokho, lokhu akukwazi izuzwe oda ngqo kusuka ngenhla. Kule ndaba, esinye izindima eziyinhloko e ikhambi lenkinga kunikezwa neziphathimandla zendawo, nakho kumelwe sihlele izinto eziza kuqala ezifanele emisebenzini yabo eqondile. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala isu yesifunda kuhlanganisa ukudalwa izimo ezikahle phezu ezindaweni Ngaphansi kokulawula kwazo sokuthuthukiswa ukukhiqizwa futhi ibhizinisi imisebenzi, ukuhlinzeka isimo utshalomali. Kubalulekile asabela ngokushesha izinguquko ezenzeka jikelele. Kufanele uhlele njalo imisebenzi, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo esifundeni, izindlela nezindlela ekufezeni kubo. Hhayi indima okungenani kule nqubo ye ukudlala izici zemvelo zensimu. Babhekwa abacwaningi bahlole amathemba ukuthuthukiswa Russia. Ukuze ukusebenzisa kangcono amandla ezindaweni okuhilelekile isimo, nime ezingeni umthetho wombuso. Ukuhlanganyela Kulokhu Kwenziwa edonsa nokulingana dolobha kanye nokuphathwa kwabasebenzi e ezithakazelisa kakhulu kusukela iphuzu kwezomnotho umbono amaphrojekthi. Uma sicabanga amathemba Russia kubalulekile ukuthola izindlela silondoloze izimboni zobuchwepheshe. Ukubhekana nalezi nkinga kubhekwa wemigomo lehamba embili eLuhlelweni ezweni lanamuhla. Kuphela ngokusebenzisa indlela edidiyelayo ekuphathweni zikahulumeni kanye lendawo kungenzeka ukuthuthukiswa qualitative yokuncintisana kwezomnotho eRussia. Lokhu kudinga ukwethulwa izindlela ezintsha ezintsha kokubili amagatsha ezikhona tekusebenta futhi entsha, kuthiwa luzoqala endaweni tesifundvo. Ezimweni eziningi, kuba ikhono Ukusheshisa ukwethulwa ubuchwepheshe yesimanje zincike ukuncintisana kanye ukuthuthukiswa okugcinekayo esifundeni.

Izinhlangano iqhaza emakethe phakathi kohlaka isihloko

A indima yokuhola ekufezeni eqa kwezobuchwepheshe ngamunye emakethe abadlali ngabanye ngokungenziwa ukuhlanganisa futhi ukusebenzisana konke etholakala esifundeni, izinhlangano kanye namabhizinisi. Kuphela uma uxhumano kunqubo olulodwa zobuchwepheshe zonke izimboni ungakha eliphezulu umkhiqizo yokuncintisana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inhlangano enjalo kufanele uqashelwe ngokomthetho lesifunda (isimo) iziphathimandla. Olunye uhlobo ukuqashelwa iyona Regional Development Fund, njengoba kuvunywe ezingeni wombuso. Lihlanganisa izithakazelo bonke abathintekayo: kahulumeni, izikhungo zemali, amabhizinisi zezimboni kanye nezinye abadlali wabahlanganyeli emakethe. Kulokhu, nekusebenta ukukhiqizwa sokugcina kweyeme ukuncintisana imikhiqizo endaweni yesikhulumi zobuchwepheshe zokuhweba, okuzokwenza ukuba ithanyelwe yizikhulu ezinkampanini hhayi ngabanye kanye wonke izakhiwo yesayensi kanye nabangane. Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwethulwa kwemikhiqizo emisha zonke izimo izokwakhiwa kulokhu: uxhaso base zezimboni, okwagcina kuzoholela eqinisa isikhundla sendawo ethile, futhi sithuthukise ukuthuthukiswa koMnotho Russia iyonke. Amalungu inhlangano axhunyaniswa e ahlukahlukene izinkontileka ukubukwa. Bathatha eziningi izibopho, ndawonye Ukudidiyela imisebenzi yabo emkhakheni wezezimali, emkhakheni we utshalomali ukumaketha kanye nezinye izindawo eziningana lapho izindawo ukuphathwa. Ungahlali ngaphandle ukunakwa nasekuthuthukeni esifundeni. Ukuhlanganyela kwalolu mbimbi yokuzithandela, umgomo oyinhloko ngamunye owayekhona iwukuba yenze inzuzo eningi. Ukusungulwa nokusebenza maqembu ngaphakathi lebhizinisi ivumela ensimini nabuhlungu ukuthuthela imodeli sicabangela ukuthuthukiswa ezinzile esifundeni, esekelwe emisha yethulwa kuleli izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izinqubo.

umncintiswano emakethe

Umncintiswano ingenye imiqondo esemqoka encazelweni ubudlelwane emakethe. Kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo khulula ukuhweba mncintiswano uhlelo ingaqala ngokushelela. Umncintiswano iyithuluzi jikelele yokunquma inani labamba iqhaza emakethe, ivolumu ukunikezela amanani. Umgomo oyinhloko nanoma iyiphi inkampani ukuba yenze inzuzo eningi. Ukwenza lokhu nomncintiswano ovulekile ngayinye umkhiqizi oyedwa kufanele okuthile ukushaya izimbangi zabo. Kulokhu, lo "umncintiswano" liyisici esiyinhloko mshini emakethe, ihlinzeka nokubambisana nenzuzo kakhulu e umkhiqizi-umthengi, kanye ukusetshenziswa ukuhweba dolobha. Lapho ukukhiqizwa ukuncintisana usomabhizinisi ngamunye sikhathazeke kuphela ngalokho ekunciphiseni izindleko, kodwa futhi ukuze sandise futhi sithuthukise izinga okukhiphayo. Konke lokhu okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa izici izimpahla, ukwehla kwamanani yayo futhi ngenxa yalokho, bathole lezi zinzuzo laba abavela kwezinye abakhiqizi. Kulokhu, lo mncintiswano ukhonza njengelungu isici zishukumise intuthuko kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho yokwazisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukwandisa uhla izimpahla kanye namasevisi, izindleko ziyancipha futhi izinga ngcono.

mncintiswano imisebenzi

Imisebenzi esemqoka mncintiswano yilezi:

- gxila ezidingweni zomunye nomkhiqizi umsebenzisi (esimweni lapho inkampani kuba zokungakwazi, imikhiqizo yayo abatholi ikhasimende ekupheleni futhi imisebenzi ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla eyeka);

- kwemvelo phakathi abakhiqizi (kule ibhizinisi imikhiqizo ezibizayo noma eliphansi aphume emakethe);

- umthelela ukukhiqizwa futhi ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle yayo;

- umthelela ukuhanjiswa kwezinsiza kokuqala;

- ukulawulwa ezingeni intengo emakethe kwezimpahla namasevisi.

Hhayi indima okungenani emncintiswaneni kuzo zonke emkhakheni wezimboni udlala ngesikhathi lapho inqubo isizinda ukukhiqizwa. Ngokwemibandela ke kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezine:

1. Ukufaka umkhiqizo omusha. Kulesi sigaba, kukhona okuncane izimpahla ithengiswe, intengo kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu kuqhathaniswa ne efanayo (uma ikhona).

2. Ukukhula Isinyathelo. Ingabe ukwanda umthamo ukukhiqizwa ngenxa yokufunwa landa, okusezingeni eliphezulu intengo ezingeni iqhubeka.

3. isigaba lokuvuthwa. Umthamo ukukhiqizwa ifinyelela isiqongo sayo, bese kufika iconsi ziphoqa ngenxa ukunqwabelana izimpahla emakethe, ngenxa umncintiswano kukhona ukuwa kwamanani.

4. Isinyathelo lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Isidingo imikhiqizo isezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, encishisiwe nemiqulu yawo engu-ukukhiqizwa, ezingeni wokuncintisana ivame kuqanda, emakethe uvele analogs obusebenzayo ngaphezulu, omningi walo umkhiqizo esuswa okukhiphayo.