Chemistry: imiqondo eyisisekelo, izincazelo, imigomo kanye nemithetho

I-Chemistry, imiqondo eyisisekelo esizoyicabangela ngayo, isayensi ehlola izinto nokuguqulwa kwayo, okwenzeka ngokushintsha kwesakhiwo nokubunjwa, ngakho-ke, izindawo. Okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi igama elithi "substance" lisho ukuthini. Ukukhuluma ngakho ngomqondo obanzi, kuyindlela yokwaphumula okuningi. Into ethile yinhlayiya eyisisekelo, isibonelo, i-neutron. Ekhemistry, lo mqondo usetshenziswe ngomqondo omncane.

Okokuqala, sichaza kafushane imigomo nemigomo esemqoka yekhemistri, i-theory-molecular theory. Emva kwalokho, sizobachazela, futhi sichaze neminye imithetho ebalulekile yalesi sayensi.

Imiqondo eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali (indaba, i-athomu, i-molecule) iyajwayele ngamunye wethu esikoleni. Ngezansi incazelo emfushane ngabo, kanye nezinye, imigomo ecacile nemiphumela ecacile.

Ama-athomu

Okokuqala, zonke izinto ezifundiswa ekhemistry zakhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-athomu. I-neutron ayiyona into yokutadisha le sayensi. Kumele futhi kuthiwa ama-athomu angaxhunyaniswa, okuholela ekubunjweni kwezibopho zamakhemikhali. Ukuze uphule lobu buhlobo, amandla adingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-athomu ngezimo ezijwayelekile azikho ngokwabo (ngaphandle kwa "amagesi ahloniphekile"). Baxhuma omunye nomunye okungenani ngezibili.

Ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo okushisayo

Ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo okufudumele kubonisa zonke izinhlayiya ezifundwa yi-chemistry. Imibono eyisisekelo yalesi sayensi ayikwazi ukushiwo ngaphandle kokutshela ngakho. Ngokunyakaza okuqhubekayo, amandla e-kinetic wezinhlayiyana afana nokushisa (kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amandla wezinhlayiya ezihlukile). I-Ekkin = kT / 2, lapho k khona njalo uBoltzmann. Le fomula ivumelekile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokunyakaza. Kusukela ku-Ekin = mV 2/2, ukunyakaza kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu kuhamba kancane. Isibonelo, uma izinga lokushisa lifana, ama-molecule e-oksijeni ahamba ngokuphindaphindiwe izikhathi ezingu-4 kancane kunezakhi ze-carbon. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isisindo sabo singaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-16. Ukunyakaza kuyisidingo, ukuhumusha nokujikeleza. I-vibrational iyabonakala emanzini, futhi ngokuqinile, nasezigayini. Kodwa ukuhumusha nokujikeleza kutholakala kalula emagesi. Ezoketshezi, kunzima nakakhulu, kanti ezinqumeni kunzima kakhulu.

Ama-molecule

Masiqhubeke nokuchaza imiqondo eyisisekelo nezincazelo zamakhemikhali. Uma ama-athomu ahlanganisa ukudala amaqembu amancane (abizwa ngokuthi ama-molecule), amaqembu anjalo ahlanganyela ekunyameni okufudumele, esebenza ngokugcwele. Kufika kuma-athomu angu-100 akhona kuma-molecule ajwayelekile, futhi inamba yabo ekubizweni okuthiwa yi-high-molecular compounds ingafinyelela ku-105.

Izinto ezingezona-molecular

Kodwa-ke, ama-athomu avame ukuhlanganiswa abe ngamaqoqo amakhulu kusukela ku-107 kuya ku-1,027. Ngale fomu, cishe abahlanganyeli ekunyameni okufudumele. Lezi zinhlangano azifani nama-molecule. Bafana nezicucu zomzimba oqinile. Lezi zinto ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi aziyi-molecular. Kule nkinga, ukunyakaza okufudumele kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwendwangu, futhi akushayi njengenqamuzana. Kukhona nesifunda esiphezulu sesilinganiso, lapho kuhlanganiswa khona ama-athomu enani elivela ku-105 kuya ku-107. Lezi zinhlayiya zingama-molecule amakhulu kakhulu, noma zimele izinhlayiya ezincane ze-powder.

Ion

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-athomu namacembu abo angaba necala lokugesi. Kulesi simo, kuthiwa yi-ions esosayensi njengokhemikhali, imibono eyisisekelo esiyifundayo. Njengoba amacala afana njalo aphikisana, into, lapho kunamacala amaningi athile, ayikwazi ukuzinza. Amacala amabi futhi ahlekile esikhaleni ahlale ehlukile. Futhi into ephelele njengayo yonke ihlala kagesi engathathi hlangothi. Siyaqaphela ukuthi amacala abhekwa njengamakhulu ku-electrostatics ayibalulekile kusukela ekubukeni kwekhemistri (ngama-athomu angu-105-1015 - I).

Izinto zokutadisha ekhemistry

Kumele kucaciswe ukuthi izinto zokutadisha ekhemistini yizo zenzakalo lapho ama-athomu angavuki khona futhi angazihlaziyi, kodwa zihlanganisa kuphela, okungukuthi, ziphinde zihlangane ngendlela entsha. Ukuxhumana okunye kuphukile, okuholela ekwakheni abanye. Ngamanye amazwi, izinto ezintsha zivela kuma-athomu okwakungokubunjwa kwezinto zokuqala. Uma ama-athomu nezibopho ezikhona phakathi kwazo zigcinwa (isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwemithi yamangqamuzana), lezi zinkambiso ziyingxenye yokucwaninga kwe-physics ye-molecular esikhundleni se-chemistry. Uma kwenzeka ama-athomu akhiwa noma abhujiswa, sikhuluma ngezifundo zokutadisha i-nuclear noma i-atomiki physics. Kodwa-ke, umngcele phakathi kwemikhakha kanye nezimo zomzimba ukhululekile. Ngempela, ukwahlukana kube yizesayensi ezihlukile kunemibandela, kanti imvelo ingabonakali. Ngakho-ke, amakhemikhali ayasiza kakhulu ulwazi lwe-physics.

Imiqondo eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali yachazwa kabili ngathi. Manje sikhuthaza ukuba ubabheke ngokuningiliziwe.

Okuningi mayelana nama-athomu

Ama-athomu nama-molecule yilokho abantu abaningi abahlobanisa ne-chemistry. Imiqondo eyisisekelo kumele ichazwe ngokucacile. Iqiniso lokuthi ama-athomu akhona, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili edlule yaqagela ngokucophelela. Khona-ke, kakade ngekhulu le-19, ososayensi babenemininingwane yokuhlola (engakaqondile). Sikhuluma ngobudlelwane obuningi be-Avogadro, imithetho yokwenza njalo (ngezansi sizocabangela lezi zici eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali). I-athomu yaqhutshwa ukuphenywa ngekhulu lama-20, lapho kuvela ubufakazi obuningi bokuhlola okuqondile. Babesekelwe emininingwaneni ye-spectroscopy, ekusakazeni kwama-X-rays, izinhlayiya ze-alpha, ama-neutron, ama-electron, njll. Ubukhulu balezi zinhlayiya bungaba-1 E = 1 ^-10m . Isibalo sabo silinganiselwa ku-10 ^-27 - 10 ^-25 kg. Phakathi nendawo yalezi zinhlayiya kuyisisekelo esiphezulu esiphezulu lapho ama-electron ahamba khona. Ubukhulu bomgogodla ^buba ngu-10 ^-15 m. Kuvela ukuthi igobolondo le-elekthronikhi inquma ubukhulu be-athomu, kodwa ubukhulu balo buzocatshangelwa ngokuphelele kwi-nucleus. Enye incazelo kufanele isetshenziswe, kucatshangelwe imibono eyisisekelo yokhemikhali. Isici samakhemikhali yilona uhlobo lweama-athomu okukhokhwa okufanayo.

Ngokuvamile kunencazelo ye-athomu njengengxenyana encane yendaba, engabonakali ngamakhemikhali. Indlela yokuqonda "amakhemikhali"? Njengoba sesibonile kakade, ukuhlukaniswa kwezimo ezibonakalayo kube ngokombandela womzimba namakhemikhali. Kodwa ukutholakala kwama-athomu akusizi ngalutho. Ngakho-ke, i-chemistry ichazwe kangcono ngabo, futhi hhayi ngokuphambene, ama-athomu ngokusebenzisa ikhemistry.

Ukubambisana kwamakhemikhali

Yingakho ama-athomu abanjwa ndawonye. Akubavumeli ukuba bahambe behlukane ngaphansi kwethonya lokunyakaza okufudumele. Masiqaphele izici eziyinhloko zokuxhuma - lena ibanga le-nyukliya namandla. Lona futhi yizici eziyisisekelo zokhemikhali. Ubude besibopho sizimisele ukuhlolwa ngokulingana okuphakeme ngokwanele. Amandla - futhi, kodwa hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ngokucacile ukuthi kuyini ngokuphathelene nesibopho esisodwa kumakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, amandla okwenza i-atomization yendaba, okudingekayo ukuphula zonke izibopho ezitholakalayo, ihlale izimisele. Ukwazi ubude bokuxhumeka, kungenzeka ukuthi unqume ukuthi yiziphi i-athomu ezixhunyiwe (zinebanga elincane), futhi ezingekho (ibanga elide).

Inombolo yokuxhumanisa kanye nokuxhumana

Imiqondo eyisisekelo yemikhemikhali yokuhlaziya ihlanganisa la magama amabili. Bakusho ukuthini? Ake sibone.

Inombolo yokuxhumanisa yinani labamakhelwane abaseduzane be-athomu ethile. Ngamanye amazwi, lena yilabo abathintekayo ngamakhemikhali. Ukuxhumanisa yisimo esihambisanayo, uhlobo kanye nombolo omakhelwane. Ngamanye amazwi, lo mbono unenjongo kakhulu. Isibonelo, inombolo yokuhlanganiswa kwe-nitrogen ekhona kwamakhemikhali e-ammonia ne-nitric ayifana - 3. Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisana kwabo kuhlukile - hhayi ukuhleleka nokulala. Kuthathwa ngokuzimela ngaphandle komqondo wokuboshwa kwesibambiso, kanti i-degree of oxidation kanye ne-valence yimiqondo enemibandela eyakhiwe ukuze ibikezele ukusebenzisana nokuhlelwa kusengaphambili.

Ukunqunywa kwe-molecule

Sithinte kakade kulo mqondo, sicabangela imiqondo eyisisekelo nemithetho yamakhemikhali ngokusheshisa. Manje ake sihlale kuyo ngokuningiliziwe. Ezincwadini zokufunda, ngokuvamile kunesichazamazwi se-molecule njengengxenyana encane yokungathathi hlangothi kwezinto ezinamakhemikhali awo, futhi ikwazi ukuhlala ngokuzimela. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ncazelo manje ayisasebenzi. Okokuqala, yiziphi zonke izazi ze-physics nezamakhemikhali ezibiza i-molecule, izakhiwo zendaba azilondolozi. Amanzi ahlukanisa, kodwa lokhu kudinga ubuncane bama-molecule amabili. Izinga lokuhlukanisa amanzi yi-10 ^-7 . Ngamanye amazwi, i-molecule eyodwa kuphela yezigidi ezingu-10 ingafakwa kule nqubo. Uma une-molecule eyodwa, noma ikhona ngisho nekhulu, awukwazi ukuthola umqondo wokuhlukaniswa kwayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi imiphumela emihle yokusabela ekhemistry ngokuvamile ihlanganisa amandla okusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule. Ngakho-ke, ayitholakali ngenye yazo. Kokubili izici zamakhemikhali nezingokwenyama zomuthi wamangqamuzana zingathathwa kuphela yiqembu elikhulu lama-molecule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinto lapho inhlayiya "encane kunazo zonke" ekwazi ukuzimela khona ikhulu kakhulu futhi ihluke kakhulu kumamolekli avamile. I-molecule empeleni iyinhlangano yama-athomu okungenayo imali kagesi. Esikhathini esithile kungaba khona i-athomu eyodwa, isibonelo, i-Ne. Leli qembu kumele likwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekusakazweni, nakwezinye izinhlobo zokunyakaza okufudumele, okwenziwe ngokugcwele.

Njengoba ungabona, imiqondo eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali ayilula. I-molecule yinto okumelwe ifundwe ngokucophelela. Inayo impahla yayo, kanye nenqwaba yayo yamangqamuzana. Manje sizoxoxa ngalokhu okulandelayo.

Isisindo somzimba

Indlela yokunquma isisindo samangqamuzana ngesipiliyoni? Enye indlela - ngokusekelwe emthethweni we-Avogadro, ngokulingana kwesimo se-steam. Indlela enembile kunayo yonke ukubonakala kwe-spectrometric. I-electron ikhishwa ku-molecule. Ion ephumela kuqala kuqala ngesivinini kagesi, bese benqatshelwe indlela magnetic. Isilinganiso sokukhokhiswa kwesisindo sinqunywe ngokulingana nobukhulu bokuphambuka. Kukhona nezindlela ezisekelwe ezizindeni ezinezixazululo. Kodwa-ke, ama-molecule kuzo zonke lezi zimo kufanele ahambe kahle - ngesisombululo, egesi, egesi. Uma bengashukuthi, akunakwenzeka ukubala ngokulinganisa ubukhulu babo. Futhi ubukhona babo kulokhu kunzima ukubona.

Izici zezinto ezingekho ze-molecular

Ekhuluma ngabo, bayaqaphela ukuthi ziqukethe ama-athomu, hhayi ama-molecule. Nokho, lokhu kuyiqiniso nangezigesi ezinhle. La ma-athomu ahamba ngokukhululekile, ngakho-ke, kungcono ukubheka njengama-molecule e-monatomic. Nokho, lokhu akuyona into esemqoka. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, ezintweni ezingekho ze-molecular kukhona ama-athomu amaningi ahlangene ndawonye. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwazo zonke izinto ezingekho emangqamuzana kanye namangqamuzana akwanele. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokuxhuma kunenjongo. Cabangela, isibonelo, umehluko ezakhiweni ze-graphite ne-diamond. Bobabili yi-carbon, kodwa okokuqala kutholile, kanti okwesibini kunzima. Ziyini ezihlukile komunye nomunye? Umehluko ubhekane ngokuqondile ngokuvumelana kwabo. Uma sicabangela isakhiwo se-graphite, sizobona ukuthi kunezibopho ezinamandla kuphela ngobukhulu obubili. Kodwa okwesithathu, ukuhamba kwe-interatomic kubaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke, akukho uxhumano oluqinile. I-Graphite ishaya kalula futhi iphule ngokusebenzisa lezi zigaba.

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo

Ngaphandle kwalokho, kubizwa ngokuthi ubukhulu bendawo. Imelela inani lobukhulu besikhala elibhekiselwe ohlelweni oluqhubekayo (cishe olungapheliyo) lwe-skeleton (izibopho ezinamandla) kuzo. Izindinganiso ezingathatha zingu-0, 1, 2, no-3. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa izinhlaka ezintathu ezihlanganisiwe, ezikhethiwe, ezenziwe ngamaketanga kanye neziqhingi.

Umthetho wokuhlala njalo

Sifunde kakade imibono eyisisekelo ye-chemistry. Lesi sici sasibucatshangwa kafushane ngathi. Manje ake sikhulume ngomthetho osebenza kuye. Kuvamise ukuba kwenziwe ngendlela elandelayo: noma yikuphi okunye okuyimpahla (okungukuthi, okuhlanzekile), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yamukelwa kanjani, inokulinganiswa okulinganayo nokulinganisa okufanayo. Kodwa umqondo wokuthi "izinto ezihlanzekile" kusho ukuthini? Ake sibone.

Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ezedlule, lapho isakhiwo sezinto singakacwaningi ngezindlela eziqondile, lapho ngisho nemigomo eyisisekelo yamakhemikhali nemithetho yamakhemikhali, esasijwayele ngayo, ayizange ibe khona, yachazwa ngokuchazayo. Isibonelo, amanzi angumkhuhlane owenza isisekelo sezilwandle nemifula. Awunakho iphunga, umbala, ukunambitheka. Unezimo ezifudumele ezinjengokuqhwaza nokuqhaqhazela, i- sulfate yethusi iphendulela okwesibhakabhaka kuyo . Amanzi olwandle olusolwandle ngoba akuhlanzekile. Kodwa-ke, usawoti ungahlukaniswa ngama-distillation. Cishe, izimiso eziyisisekelo zamakhemikhali nemithetho yamakhemikhali zachazwa ngendlela echazayo.

Kwabesosayensi ngesikhathi lapho kwakungabonakali ukuthi uketshezi oluthile, oluhlukaniswe ngezindlela ezahlukene (ukushisa i-hydrogen, i-vitriol yokuchitha amanzi, ukuchitheka kwamanzi olwandle), linomumo ofanayo. Ukutholakala okukhulu kwesayensi kwakubufakazi balokhu. Kwacaca ukuthi isilinganiso se-oxygen ne-hydrogen asikwazi ukushintsha kahle. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izakhi zihlanganisa ama-athomu - izingxenye ezingabonakali. Ngakho-ke amafomu okutholakala kwemithi atholakala, futhi ukumelelwa kwabesosayensi mayelana namamolekhi kulungile.

Esikhathini sethu, noma iyiphi into, ngokucacile noma ngokucacile, inqunywa ngokuyinhloko ngefomula, hhayi ngezinga lokuqhakazila, ukunambitheka noma umbala. Amanzi - H ₂ O. Uma amanye ama-molecule ekhona, ngeke ahlanzeke. Ngenxa yalokho, into ehlanzekile yamangqamuzana yilezi zakhiwa zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezilodwa kuphela.

Kodwa-ke, kanjani kulokhu kube ne-electrolytes? Phela, ziqukethe i-ions, hhayi nje ama-molecule. Kunencazelo eqondile edingekayo. Imvelo yamangqamuzana ehlanzekile yileyo eyenziwe ngamamolekli of uhlobo olulodwa, futhi kungenzeka futhi imikhiqizo yokuguqulwa kwabo okuguquguqukayo okusheshayo (isomerization, association, ukuhlukaniswa). Igama elithi "okusheshayo" kulo mongo lisho ukuthi asikwazi ukuqeda le mikhiqizo, ivele ivele futhi. Igama elithi "ukuguqulwa" libonisa ukuthi ushintsho aluphelele. Uma kunjalo, kungcono ukusho ukuthi akuzinzile. Kulesi simo, akuyona into ehlanzekile.

Umthetho wokulondolozwa kwezinto eziningi

Kusukela ezikhathini zokuqala lo mthetho waziwa ngefomu elingokomfanekiso. Uthe lo mzimba awukwazi ukuphefumula futhi awunakwenzeka. Kwabe sekufika ukwakheka kwakhe okulinganiselwe. Ngokusho kwakhe, isisindo (futhi kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 - ubukhulu) yisilinganiso semali yendaba.

Lo mthetho, ngesimo sokwezifiso kithi, wavulwa ngo-1748 nguLomonosov. Ngo-1789 wanezelwa ngu-A. Lavoisier, ososayensi waseFrance. Ukubunjwa kwaso kwansuku zonke kuzwakala kanje: ubukhulu bezinto ezingena ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kufana nobukhulu bezinto ezivela kuwo.

Umthetho we-Avogadro, umthetho we-gas volume ubudlelwano

Ukugcina kwalokhu kwakhiwe ngo-1808 nguJL Gay-Lussac, ososayensi waseFrance. Njengamanje, lo mthetho ubizwa ngokuthi umthetho we-Gay-Lussac. Ngokusho kwakhe, imiqulu yokusabela gesi ibhekane komunye nomunye, kanti futhi nemikhiqizo emihle etholakala njengama-integers amancane.

Iphethini, esathola Gay-Lussac, kuchaza umthetho, okuyinto wavulwa kancane kamuva, ngo-1811, Amedeo Avogadro, sesayensi Italy. Lithi ngaphansi kwezimo alinganayo (ingcindezi kanye lokushisa) e amagesi kokuba umthamo ofanayo, inani elifanayo molecule samanje.

imiphumela ezimbili ezibalulekile ukulandela umthetho Avogadro. Eyokuqala itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, omunye imvukuzane kwanoma iyiphi igesi ithatha umthamo alinganayo. Lokufuduka noma ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile (okuyizinto lokushisa 0 ° C no-101,325 KPA) kwaba 22.4 amalitha. Umphumela lo mthetho njengoba yesibili elandelayo: isilinganiso isisindo amagesi kokuba esilinganayo ngaphansi kwezimo alinganayo, ilingana ratio yabo mass izinyo lomhlathi.

Kukhona omunye umthetho, okuyinto nakanjani kufanele ukhulume. We uzokutshela ngakho kafushane.

umthetho gqwa ithebula

D. I. Mendeleev, esekelwe izakhiwo amakhemikhali izakhi kanye ososayensi atomic yamangqamuzana othole lo mthetho. Lo mcimbi senzeka 1 Mashi, 1869 UMthetho Wezakhi ingenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Singasho kushiwo kanje: izakhiwo izakhi kumiswa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi elula abe kwencika gqwa phezu namacala the nuclei zama-athomu.

ithebula ngezikhathi, okuyinto sidalwe Mendeleev, siqukethe nezikhathi eziyisikhombisa namaqembu ayisishiyagalombili. Amaqembu ngokuthi izinsika zalo mpo. Elements ngaphakathi ngamunye kubo babe izakhiwo efanayo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali. Iqembu yena, uhlukaniswe sub-ngamaqembu (main futhi ohlangothini).

Imigqa ovundlile kuleli thebula ubheke nezikhathi. Elements okukukho, kuhluke bodwa, kodwa enifana - yokuthi ama-electron zabo zakamuva ngesikhathi esifanayo amandla ezingeni. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yokuqala kukhona izakhi ezimbili nje. H kuyinto hydrogen ne-helium Yena. Izakhi eziyisishiyagalombili kukhona esikhathini yesibili. Esikhathini wesine kakade 18. yabo Mendeleev esiqokiwe le nkathi ngokuthi enkulu kuqala. Esikhathini izakhi lesihlanu 18, isakhiwo bayo ufana yesine. Njengengxenye lesithupha - izakhi 32. Eyesikhombisa is hhayi kuqeda. Le nkathi iqala French (uFata). Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ngeke aqukethe izakhi 32, kanye lesithupha. Nokho, kuze kube manje 24 kuphela ezitholakala.

umthetho otketa

Ngokusho umthetho otketa zonke izakhi bathambekele ukuthola i-electron noma yikho ukuze babe anokulungiselelwa 8-electron igesi yizicukuthwane eliseduze nabo. I ionization amandla - inani amandla adingekayo ukuhlukanisa electron kusukela athomu. umthetho Otketa uthi uma usuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla etafuleni gqwa udinga amandla ukususa i-electron. Ngakho-ke, izinto ohlangothini lwesobunxele, bafune ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyithukulule i-electron. Ngokuphambene nalokho, labo elise ohlangothini lwesokudla, bemagange uyithenga.

Imithetho kanye nemiqondo eyisisekelo-chemistry, thina ichazwe kafushane. Yiqiniso, lolu lwazi jikelele kuphela. Kwesinye isihloko akunakwenzeka ukukhuluma ngento isayensi ezinkulu ngokuningiliziwe. imiqondo Eyisisekelo kanye imithetho yamakhemikhali njengoba ezinikezwe kulesi sihloko - kuyinto yekucala ukuqhuba izifundo. Phela, lokhu isayensi kukhona izigaba eziningi. Kukhona, isibonelo, organic kanye ne-chemistry wezinto ezingaphili. nemiqondo eyisisekelo ngalinye izingxenye zalesi isayensi kungenziwa wafunda isikhathi eside. Kodwa kwalezo ezichazwe ngenhla, ubheke izindaba jikelele. Ngakho-ke, singasho ukuthi lawa imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali organic, kanye wezinto ezingaphili.