Zazinjani izimo Brest ukuthula: isifinyezo yesivumelwano kanye nomthelela okunawo

Soviet Russia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, eJalimane, Bulgaria, Turkey kanye-Austria-Hungary - ngakolunye, wangena isivumelwano ngo-1918. Kusukela ngaleso Zazinjani izimo Brest ukuthula, kwakuxhomeke isimo kwamandla eziningi.

izenzakalo ezidlule

Imigomo Ukuthula Brest ngo-1918 kuxoxwa izikhathi ezimbalwa futhi ngezigaba ezintathu. Iningi emihlanganweni ukunakwa sakhokhwa udaba Armenia. Nokho, Soviet Russia uye phambili lezimo eziningana, Germany kanye kubangane bawo bhunkula lo ukuthula Brest. Usuku izingxoxo phezu isiphelo sesimiso inkontileka ku Brest-Litovsk - 1917, Disemba 9. Kukhona umyalo izinga German. AbaseSoviet bazama ukugwema esikhathini esizayo indemnities emhlabeni futhi annexations.

Isikhundla ubuholi Soviet

Ithimba Soviet isungule luhlelo, elandela ngesikhathi sezingxoxo. Kusukela ngaleso Zazinjani izimo Brest ukuthula, kwakuxhomeke ubuqotho isikhundla Russian nabakhileyo kuwo. Amaphuzu ayinhloko hlelo:

• I lokugwema wadla ngempoqo yamazwe matasa empini.
• Ukubuyiselwa ukuzibusa ngokugcwele zezombusazwe ezizwe, owashonelwa ke ngokuhamba empini.
• Lokugwema indemnities.
• Ukwethulwa kwe ukuzimela ezincane kazwelonke kuhambisana inombolo ethile izimo.
• Ukunikeza kwamaqembu ezinhlanga okulikhetha izwe noma ukudalwa esimweni saso ukuzimela.
• nezindaba Colonial ziyaxazululwa ngokuhambisana nezimiso ngenhla.
• Ukulondolozwa amalungelo nenkululeko yezizwe buthaka.

Ubuholi Soviet wayehlela ukuthi ukudonsa izingxoxo ukuthula eside, enethemba ngasese ukuba buthaka eJalimane ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso eyathatha yangaphakathi. Januwari 28, 1918 Russia wanikezwa ugwayi katiki. Germany wabiza basayine isivumelwano kuzimo njengokuthola nomphumela, igatsha lasePoland, emazweni aseBaltic kanye Belarus.

Lungisa Russia

izimfuno yaseJalimane babe okweqisayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Russia ababengeke bavumelane nayo asayine ezilulazayo enjalo inkontileka yakhe, futhi kufanele kube njalo kunalokho, ukuqala impi kuka ukuze uvumelane nezimo ezinjalo. Kodwa imithombo ukulwa imisebenzi kwakungenele. Kusukela ngaleso Zazinjani izimo Brest ukuthula, babethembele emandleni Russia. Leon Trotsky, kanye nabanye amaBolshevik, wazama ukuthola indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo. Futhi ubuholi wezwe wafika isinqumo ukuthi wayecabanga kakhulu. Januwari 28 inhloko yabangamashumi ithimba Soviet wenza inkulumo, okwaholela okulandelayo: izwe ngeke ngemvume, kodwa ekuqaleni kwempi, Russia cha memezela eqinisweni. Leon Trotsky samemezela ukukhululwa kwencwadi abantu futhi amabutho empi.

Lesi sinqumo kwashaqisa osomaqhinga German kanye Austrian. Abazange alindele yilokhu kushintsha kwezinto. Februwari 18 waqala ekuhlaseleni amasosha Austro-Hungarian. I iRed Army yahlakazeka, kwakungekho muntu ukuba simelane isitha. Ngenxa yalokho, Pskov futhi Narva kwakuhlezi. Ezinye ibutho, ababe ngalesi sikhathi ezikhundleni zawo, zinhlanga ngaphandle kokulwa. Russia akusadingeki ukuba axoxe ngalokho babe nemibandela Brest ukuthula. Februwari 19 izimfuno German ashiwo ohlangothini Soviet.

EJalimane, beqaphela yithemba lapho ichaza isimo sase-Russia manje afune izinto ngenkani kwabanye indawo okuningi (kahlanu), ebelikude bacishe bayifunda yonke isitokwe kwamalahle kanye nsimbi wezwe futhi abantu abayizigidi ezingu-50 abaphila abangu. Futhi, ohlangothini Soviet waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele i-lokumiswa ezinkulu. New Russian thimba eliholwa UGrigory Sokolnikov. Wathi alikho kukhetseka akunakugwenywa asayine isivumelwano sokuthula esimweni esithile. Yaveza nethemba lokuthi isimo samanje kungokwesikhashana.

Imigomo ye Brest ukuthula - kafushane

• Ukwenqabela izifundazwe lapho bendawo wanqoba Belarusians.
• Kwamukelwa kwetinkhantolo kutimela Ukraine.
• Ukuhamba izifundazwe privislyanskih e-Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Grand Duchy of Finland.
• Yegatsha izifunda Caucasian - Batumi futhi Kars.
• Ukwenza ukuthula Republic Ukraine Yabantu.
• I demobilization balelo butho nezinye lasolwandle.
• Ukunakekela aseBaltic imikhumbi kanye lezisekelo Finnish futhi aseBaltic.
• Ukukhokhela in inani ruble ayizigidi ezingu-500 ngegolide 6 billion amamaki.
• Baltic Fleet kwesokunxele base eFinland futhi aseBaltic.
• Ukunqanyulwa ze wamavukelambuso.
• Black Sea imikhumbi ihambe Central Amandla.

imiphumela

Ngakho kwaphethwa ngokuthi le Brest ukuthula. Usuku ukusayina yayo - Mashi 3, 1918. Ukraine, Poland, aseBaltic kanye ingxenye Byelorussia ziye ixhumeke kumsindo Russia. Futhi, abaseSoviet ikhokhwe eJalimane amathani angaphezu kwangu-90 egolide. AmaJalimane, sengathi bafuna ukuqinisekisa igunya uhulumeni esisemthethweni Ukraine waqala umsebenzi insimu yalo. Ngalesi kuyanda isikhathi Kwesobunxele kuvukela SR impi yombango kuthatha ifomu emikhulu izimpi. Aphikisayo ngokucijile wagxeka isitatimende Lenin ukuthi iRussia kwakungasekho okunye kodwa ukwamukela imigomo yesivumelwano. Ibutho kwaba asihlelekile nhlobo. Imiphumela Ukuthula Brest wabonisa ukuthi abalandeli beqembu eliphikisayo bamemezele ukuthi nokuvukela ethandwa ukuze sinqobe amabutho aseJalimane-Austria. State Entente babemelene ukuthula ngemvume. Kusukela ngo-March kuya Agasti 1918 ukufika amabutho British kanye Japanese e Murmansk, Vladivostok, Arkhangelsk.

Ukuphela Ukuthula Brest

Brest izwe alizange emiselwe isikhathi eside ukwenza. Novemba 13, ngemuva kokunqoba Austro-German amabutho (ngenxa kubangane bawo), eRussia usikhanselile. Ngosuku wabaholi baseSoviet kukhanselwe kuhanjiswe ku Moscow, owesaba ukuhlaselwa isiJalimane Petrograd. Ngemva ukwesulwa inkontileka wenza ukuqashelwa indawo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli ayivumelekile. Ubuholi yamaSoviet enikeziwe izakhamuzi eCaucasus nezinye izindawo ayethathe ukhethe ikusasa labo siqu. Ngaphambili, ngo-September 20, 1918, sadabuka ingxenye ukuthula Brest ngokumelene Turkey.

Kuthiwa ngemiphumela Brest ukuthula baqinise igunya Lenin. AmaBolshevik waqala ukubonisa kuye ithemba nakakhulu. Ekupheleni kulwiwa ngo-1922, usetha kweziningi Russian amandla Soviet.