Yini uwoyela ongahluziwe ethengisa eRussia? Ukukhiqizwa nokudayiswa uwoyela

Amafutha ingenye izinhlobo ukuthekelisa of izinto zokusetshenziswa, okuyinto udlala emnothweni Russian futhi global indima ebalulekile kuleli shumi leminyaka elidlule. Yini uwoyela ongahluziwe ethengisa eRussia?

Imininingwane zomlando

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo abantu bebazi nngemikghwa uwoyela. Kwakuthinta eqoqwe kusukela kwamanzi noma ebusweni bomhlaba. Kodwa ayengasetshenziselwa ngakho kabanzi. Ekhulwini le-19, lapho yasungulwa le bekhanyise isiketekete, isidingo salokhu impahla eluhlaza liye landa kakhulu. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho basungula izindlela imishini imithombo nemiklamo uwoyela negesi ka ungqimba lomhlaba. Ngemva kuvulwa funa ugesi sehlile amafutha.

Nokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ke kwaklanywa umenzi yangaphakathi omlilo engine, eyasebenza njengodonga umfutho sokuthuthukiswa embonini yezimoto. Ekuqaleni, ukuthengwa imoto ayenamandla okukwenza abantu abacebile kuphela, kodwa ke baba cishe sonke izingxenye sabantu. Kule ndaba, okwanda isidingo imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Kuze kube namuhla, amafutha iwumkhiqizo ecebile yezinto zemvelo, njengoba kunikeza kungenzeka ukunyakaza komuntu emhlabeni, emoyeni noma emanzini.

umkhiqizo kawoyela e-Russia

ERussia yesimanje, sesibone ukwanda komthwalo umkhiqizo kawoyela kusukela 2000, kodwa eminyakeni engu 5 eyedlule, izinga uye ehlile kancane, ngisho zehlele ngo-2008.

Kusukela ngo-2010, umkhiqizo kawoyela isidlulile ngeleveli ayizigidi ezingu-500 ngonyaka. Futhi kuze kube namuhla ngoba kunesithembiso ngenhla lokhu ibha. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili elandelanayo, okungukuthi 2009 no-2010, i-Russia zibalwa kuqala ekukhiqizeni uwoyela emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa kakade 2011 ngowokuqala embonini isibe Saudi Arabia.

Russian Federation - omunye wabahlanganyeli eziphawuleka kakhulu emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba. I share zokukhiqiza Russian uwoyela ongahluziwe emhlabeni ingaphezu 12%. Amafutha ukuthekelisa Kwenziwa kokubili eYurophu nase-e-United ka esifundeni Asia-Pacific.

Ezweni lethu, umkhiqizo kawoyela Kwenziwa yizinkampani thwi ihlanganiswe. Ubude usebenza 9 amabhizinisi ezinkulu. Zifeza isizinda engaphezu kuka-90% kubo bonke uwoyela kuleli zwe. Okulingene namafutha amancane abakhiqizi ngaphezulu - kukhona mayelana 150. Le nkampani isimo "Gazprom 'uyifeza umkhiqizo kawoyela ka mayelana 2.5% azo zonke izinto zokusetshenziswa, kuyilapho nendima evelele sanikelwa ukuba amabhizinisi azimele kule ndaba.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi lokuhlanganisa mpo? Uma sicabange wonke nomjikelezo uwoyela ngokucubungula izinto zokusetshenziswa ngesimo neketanga, inyunyana lokhu kuxhumana-ke uzobe kuhlanganiswe. Inqubo ukulandelana simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• uwoyela ukuhlola, imishini, emkhakheni ingqalasizinda ukuthuthukiswa;
• uwoyela isizinda kanye zokuthutha of izinto zokusetshenziswa etholwe:
• imikhiqizo Petroleum and zokuhamba kwabo;
• ukudayiswa kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli (marketing).

Lokhu ubuchwepheshe ivumela isakhiwo ukufeza eziningi eziwusizo phezu izimbangi zayo:

• ukuthengisela yibhange of izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye ukumaketha kwemikhiqizo kaphethiloli;
• iyehlisa izingozi ezihlobene izinguquko ezimweni emakethe;
• ukukhiqizwa elungiselelwe.

Enterprise "Rosneft" futhi "Lukoil" abaholi ngokuphelele ezweni lethu, ekukhiqizeni uwoyela.

Ukwaziswa Okumayelana uwoyela ongahluziwe

Izakhiwo lamafutha okuyinto ekhishwe zokuzamazama ezahlukene zezulu, sihluke kakhulu. Ngu definition, uwoyela - viscous isakhiwo ketshezi oily kokuba umbala omnyama ezijulile. Kodwa lokhu akulona njalo kunjalo. Umbala "igolide abamnyama" has gradations eziningi - kusukela ophuzi onsundu abamnyama esobala.

Sakhiwo ukuncibilika lokushisa nazo onhlobonhlobo. Kukhona izinhlobonhlobo zazo yokuzigxilisa phakathi band izimo ehlobo, kanti abanye aqhubeke ewuketshezi ngisho okushisa aphansi kakhulu.

Ngemva amafutha akhishwa kahle, kumele uyiswa ukucutshungulwa indawo.

Ngakho lokho brand lamafutha ethengisa Russian futhi kungakanani kukhona ezihlukahlukene kangaka?

Ezweni lethu ukhiqiza kanye nokuthengiswa 7 amamaki lamafutha, ngesikhathi kuleli zwe elibuswa kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka 20. main ukuthekelisa ezihlukahlukene iyona Urals. Izindleko ngamunye brand ethile kunqunywa isaphulelo noma premium maqondana umaka banga. Ikakhulu ngoba lokhu kukhona of Brent, WTI, Middle East ongahluziwe.

Uma sikhuluma Dynamics izintengo Brent, past 3 iminyaka it is kakhulu bawa kuso 120 kuya ku-38 zamaRandi umphongolo. Kuze kube manje, amanani ayo igcina azungeze 40 zamaRandi.

Urals

Lokhu ezihlukahlukene has share ngobukhulu emazweni angaphandle lamafutha Russian - 55%.

uwoyela Urals bavele emakethe zephasi ngokukhanyiselwa '70.

Lokhu sesitshalo nge high-sulphur amanyela. Urals kwakheka zokuthutha izinto zokusetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa amapayipi, "Transneft" amabhiznisi izinkambu elise Urals, eVolga esifundeni kanye Western eSiberia.

Urals ukuthekelisa uwoyela ngokusebenzisa supply "Druzhba" iphayiphi eYurophu. Futhi akhishelwe khona ngokusebenzisa izimbobo e oLwandle iBaltic (Ust-Luga futhi Primorsk) kanye Black (Novorossiysk) kwezilwandle. Isimo sendawo ukudiliva sincane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, lokhu ezihlukahlukene awukwazi a priori kube umaka.

Urals Isaphulelo lemali kunqunywa ngendlela 1% isihlobo ukuba Brent.

Yini umkhiqizo ethengisa amafutha isiRashiya, ngaphezu Urals?

Rebco

Igama isigaba yakhiwa izinhlamvu zokuqala Russian Export Blend ongahluziwe Amafutha. Empeleni, kungcono ngoba Urals, okuyinto ilethwa nge Primorsk okufanayo. NeKhwotheshini yezindleko kunqunywa isaphulelo 1.3% maqondana Brent. Adayiswa phezu Commodity Exchange e-New York. share Khipha ivolumu Imininingwane imayelana 25%.

SiberianLight

Kuyinto umkhiqizo izinto ukukhanya.

Ukukhiqizwa uku Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area.

Uthuthwa inkampani iphayiphi "Transneft" lapho exutshwe iVolga namafutha Ural, kuphumele Urals. Nokho, yingxenye encane kuphela encane yamafutha West laseSiberia adayiswa njengoba i brand abazimele. Ikakhulu usebenza ngokusebenzisa echwebeni Tuapse.

Inani laseSiberia Khanyisa uwoyela ongahluziwe kuchazwa ngumuntu 0.5% isaphulelo emalini Brent.

Sokol

High uwoyela Sakhalin nge ongaphakeme sulphur. Intengo Brent uwoyela ongahluziwe ingaphansi kwe Sokol. Izindleko kunqunywa ibhekwa-7.5% kuya ezihlukahlukene Dubai. Ukukhiqizwa wenziwa kohlaka emikhulu iphrojekthi "Sakhalin-1". Zithunyelwa nge n. DeKastri okuyinto laseKhabarovsk.

Vityaz

Brand lamafutha ekhiqizwa eRussia futhi esiqhingini Sakhalin, njengoba Sokol. Izindleko balolu hlobo nakanjani sha Dubai. Izindleko uwoyela Vityaz sizimisele Dubai premium ebangeni 6%. Zithunyelwa nge n. Prigorodnoe endaweni Sakhalin.

Espo

Russian ESPO uwoyela ongahluziwe abathengisa muva.

Izinhlobonhlobo laqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi uthuthwa igama elifanayo ESPO iphayiphi ( "Eastern eSiberia - Pacific Ocean" noma «East eSiberia - Pacific Ocean»). Le phrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwalesi iphayiphi kuyinto ngempela owawunekusasa sihilela supply "igolide abamnyama" neChina esifundeni Asia-Pacific.

Le brand lamafutha ekhiqizwa eRussia, inhlanganisela izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukuthi kukhona usuyasebenza. izinga Its lizidlula kude zonke Urals grade ezaziwayo.

Izindleko kunqunywa ibhekwa ka 3.5% kuya Dubai ongahluziwe.

Arco

Lokhu ezihlukahlukene ikhiqizwa Arctic enkundleni "Prirazlomnoe", esemgwaqweni Sea Pechora. It nguye kuphela inhlobo yayo emhlabeni ensimini sogu lolwandle, lapho ukuthuthukiswa wenziwa ibanga 60-ikhilomitha ukusuka ogwini lolwandle on a yesikhulumi umile. Nge eshalofini ekhishwe amafutha amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-70.

Intengo Brent uwoyela ongahluziwe ingaphansi kwe at Arco.

On insimu yezwe lethu ukhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana uwoyela. Nokho, 7 kuphela adayiswa ukuze Brent ongahluziwe. Yini umkhiqizo ethengisa amafutha Russian ku liyindawo yokuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba exchange? Izinhlobonhlobo eziyinhloko Urals ukuthekelisa futhi Rebco. Isabelo sabo e nokukhishwa ezingaphezu kuka 2/3 umthamo ingqikithi. izinhlobonhlobo Futhi akhishelwe khona Vityaz, Arco, Sokol, eSiberia Ukukhanya ESPO. I ethembisayo iyona ESPO ezihlukahlukene ezingase ngokushesha ube marker ngoba ukudiliva yayo zenziwa esifundeni Asian.