Yethusi: conductivity, izakhiwo, izici futhi izicelo

Ngo amagatsha amaningi umkhakha lwanamuhla kabanzi kakhulu esetshenziswa impahla ezifana nethusi. I conductivity kagesi lokhu metal kuphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuchaza zibheke isicelo yayo ngokuyinhloko Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka. babashayeli yethusi etholakala nge ukusebenza kakhulu. Yiqiniso, lokhu metal isetshenziswa hhayi kuphela e ubunjiniyela kagesi, kodwa nakwezinye izimboni. Ngenxa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo kuhlanganise nezimfanelo zayo ezifana ukumelana ekubhujisweni ezonakalisayo kwezinye izindawo ezonakalisayo, refractoriness, plasticity, njll

Imininingwane zomlando

Ithusi kuyinto metal ezaziwayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Lichaza isingeniso ekuqaleni abantu nalaba izinto ngokuyinhloko nokudlanga yaso ngokwemvelo ngesimo okuyigugu. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kwaba ithusi lensimbi lokuqala wasimama umuntu umoya-mpilo compounds. Uma amatshe nje kushiswa umlilo ngokushesha selehlile, kubenze inqamuke. Kamuva yokutakula zethusi waqala ukukhiqiza esigxotsheni ne ukwengeza zamalahle Izifutho ohlabayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale nqubo ekugcineni zaholela ukudalwa esithandweni somlilo kushaft. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi, insimbi yaqala ukuthola izincwadi by oxidizing sokuncibilikisa imikhando.

Copper: conductivity impahla

In the state quiescent, konke zensimbi electron khulula azungeze i-nucleus. Lapho njengomthombo wangaphandle yokuchayeka ahlelwe ukulandelana futhi babe abathwali zamanje. I degree of ikhono metal ukuba adabule ke zokugcina ngokuthi conductivity. Yokukala e yayo International SI Siemens kuchazwa njenganoma 1 CM = 1 Ohm ^-1.

I conductivity zethusi kuphezulu kakhulu. Ngokusho le nkomba, ke kunamandla ngaphezu kwazo zonke namuhla base izinsimbi aziwa. Ingcono zamanje wakhe lidlula kuphela isiliva. ithusi Inkomba conductivity kuyinto 57h104 cm ^-1 ezingeni lokushisa +20 ° C. Ngenxa yalesi impahla yayo lokhu metal okwamanje esikhulunywa abantu abaningi zonke umqhubi lisetshenziswe ngenhloso ezimbonini nasemizini.

Elicolekileyo ukumelana njalo umthwalo kagesi futhi uthembeke futhi iqine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu metal elinesimo okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuma futhi (1083,4 ° C). Lokhu, ivumela zethusi isikhathi eside ukuthi isebenze esimweni evuthayo. Njengoba yokudlanga umqhubi zamanje njengoba aluminium ungakwazi kuphela ancintisane metal.

Umthelela ukungcola phezu conductivity zethusi

Yiqiniso, esikhathini sethu ngokuba sokuncibilikisa insimbi obomvu asetshenziselwa amasu kakhulu eyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphezu kuka ezikhathini zasendulo. Nokho, ngisho namuhla uthole emsulwa kakhulu Cu cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ithusi lubonakala ngaso sonke isikhathi zonke izinhlobo basebenze ukungcola konke ngokuhuheka. Kungaba, isibonelo, i-silicon nensimbi noma beryllium. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukungcola ngaphezulu ithusi, kancane ingxenye yayo kagesi. Ukuze womshini izintambo, isibonelo, kuba ezifanele ngokwanele kuphela metal okumsulwa. Ngokusho Ukucaciswa, le njongo ingasetshenziswa nobungako ukungcola zethusi esingeqile 0.1%.

Isikhathi esining impela kule metal iqukethe kumaphesenti athile sulphur, i-arsenic ne-antimony. Ingqikithi lokuqala iyehlisa ductility material. I conductivity zethusi nesibabule siyahluka kakhulu. lokhu admixture abazange baziphathe zamanje. Lokho libe yisivikelo esihle. Nokho, conductivity kagesi zethusi sulphur akuphazamisi cishe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kuyefana nasendleleni le conductivity ezishisayo. Nge-antimony futhi arsenic kwenzeka okuphambene. Lezo zinto ukwazi ukunciphisa conductivity kagesi zethusi kakhulu.

Alloys

Zonke izinhlobo izithasiselo ingasetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukiseni ngamandla kwaziswa plastic ezifana nethusi. conductivity wayo kagesi, nabo ukunciphisa. Kodwa ukusebenzisa kwabo kungaba ngokuphawulekayo bandise nokuphila zonke izinhlobo imikhiqizo.

Ezimweni eziningi, njengoba okufakiwe esetshenziswa zethusi amandla-ngcono zamaKhono (0.9%). Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka zethusi cadmium. conductivity Its 90% conductivity wethusi. Ngezinye izikhathi, esikhundleni cadmium njengoba kufakwa izithasiselo ezithile njengoba aluminium. I conductivity lokhu metal kuyinto 65% of the sibalo zethusi efanayo. Ukwandisa amandla izintambo ngesimo izithasiselo lingasetshenziswa, nezinye izinto zokwakha futhi izinto - tin, i-phosphorus, i-chromium, beryllium. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka ithusi lazo uhlobo oluthile. A kwakwakhe zethusi zinc ngokuthi ngethusi.

izici Alloys

Ixhomeke metal conductivity kagesi abakwazi kuphela isibalo ukungcola kubo, kodwa futhi kwamanye izinkomba. Ngokwesibonelo nge okwandisa Ukushisa lokushisa ikhono zethusi zamanje egeleza ngokusebenzisa ke incipha. Kunomthelela conductivity we wire ngisho indlela yayo ukwakhiwa. Ngo ekhaya umkhakha ingasetshenziswa njengendlela esithambile annealed izintambo zethusi kanzima uyalingana. Esikhathini okufana lokuqala ikhono idlule ngokwayo ngenhla wamanje.

Nokho, umphumela eziphawuleka kakhulu, yebo, wasebenzisa izithasiselo kanye nobungako babo we conductivity kagesi wethusi. Ithebula elingezansi inikeza umfundi ulwazi mayelana ikhono lamanje kudlule Alloys evamile metal.

I conductivity kagesi zethusi nethusi wafana. Nokho, leli nani metal wokuqala Yiqiniso, waba. Kodwa yena kunakunoma ithusi. Ngenxa wire zethusi isetshenziswa kabanzi ngempela. Yamanje sidlule kancane ethusi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kubiza kancane. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa zethusi ukwenza othintana, izibopho futhi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ukuze imisakazo.

Alloys yethusi ukumelana okusezingeni eliphezulu

Lezi izinto umqhubi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko womshini resistors, rheostats, amathuluzi kagesi kanye namadivayisi. Ngokuvamile asetshenziselwe le nhloso Alloys zethusi constantan futhi manganin. I resistivity wokuqala (86% Cu, 12% MN, 2% Ni) kuyinto 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, kanti eyesibili (60% Cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Ukuxhumana ne Coefficient conductivity ezishisayo

I conductivity zethusi - abayizigidi ezingu 59,5 / m. Lesi sibalo, njengoba sekushiwo, ilungile, kodwa kuphela ezingeni lokushisa phakathi +20 ^° C conductivity ezishisayo of zensimbi, futhi kukhona isibopho conductivity. Usungula umthetho wakhe Wiedemann - Franz. It wenziwa ukuba izinsimbi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu futhi ikhonjiswe kahle le ndlela elandelayo: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, lapho y - the conductivity, k - njalo, e Boltzmann sika - ophethe aphansi.

Yiqiniso, ukuxhumana enjalo ekhona kanye metal ezifana nethusi. conductivity ezishisayo kagesi futhi eliphezulu kakhulu. Ibe isilandelwa emva kuba esiliva nasezinsikeni zombili lezi izinkomba.

Egcekeni of ikhopha ne-aluminiyamu izintambo

Eminyakeni yamuva e yasendlini futhi umkhakha zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngokuya okusezingeni eliphezulu ngamandla kagesi. Ngesikhathi kubusa amaSoviet, wiring senziwa ikakhulukazi aluminium ezishibhile. Izimfuno ezintsha kokusebenza kwalo, ngeshwa, ayisekho ukuhlangabezana. Namuhla, ngakho-ke, ekhaya futhi umkhakha zivame washintsha ukuze aluminium wire ithusi. Inzuzo enkulu yokugcina, ngaphezu refractoriness, wukuthi enqubeni oxidative izakhiwo zabo conductive kungukuthi encishisiwe.

Ngokuvamile sesimanje ugesi, aluminium nethusi izintambo kufanele axhunyiwe. Ukwenza lokhu ngeke ngqo. Empeleni, conductivity aluminium nethusi azigcini kakhulu. Kodwa kuphela ngaphakathi lezi zinsimbi. Oxidizing ifilimu aluminium nethusi babe izakhiwo ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-conductivity is kakhulu ziyancipha ngesikhathi uxhumano. Oxidative ifilimu aluminiyamu kuyahluka ukumelana eliphakeme kakhudlwana kunalabo zethusi. Ngakho-ke, inhlanganisela yalezi zinhlobo ezimbili babashayeli kumele kwenziwe kuphela ngokusebenzisa adaptha ekhethekile. Kungaba, isibonelo, isiqeshana, unamathisele equkethe ukuvikela izinsimbi kusuka ezenzeka oxide. Lokhu samuntu ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa nge adapters yokuxhuma izintambo emigwaqweni. Ezingosini zezingxoxo evame ukusetshenziswa okuhlangana nokukhama. umklamo Bahlanganisa ipuleti ekhethekile aqede ukuxhumana ngqo phakathi aluminium nethusi. In the ukungabikho babashayeli anjalo esikhathini imvelo yasekhaya, esikhundleni ukusonta izintambo Kunconywa ukuba ngqo ukusebenzisa Washer kanye nut i "ibhuloho 'Lesisemkhatsini.

izakhiwo

Ngakho, lapho sathola khona ukuthi conductivity kagesi wethusi. Lesi sibalo ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu ukwakheka up ukungcola metal. Nokho, isidingo zethusi embonini kunqunywa kanye nezinye izakhiwo zayo ngokomzimba kunenzuzo, ukuthola ulwazi lapho kungenzeka kusukela Ithebula elingezansi.

chemical izakhiwo

Ngokusho izici ezinjalo ithusi, conductivity kagesi kanye conductivity ezishisayo okuyinto kakhulu futhi Lesisemkhatsini emkhatsini wetincenye teluhlaka leqembu triad lokuqala VIII, kanye ane-alikhali iqembu lokuqala ishadi lesikhathi. Ngu eziyisisekelo chemical izakhiwo zalo zihlanganisa:

• ukuthambekela ifomu izakhiwo;

• ikhono ukukhiqiza compounds onjengomlilo sulfides zingaxazululeki.

isici kakhulu nethusi isimo divalent. Ukufana ezisansimbi alikhali it has nhlobo. reactivity layo nalo ongaphakeme. Ephambi kwezinduna CO ₂ noma ifilimu amanzi akhiwa carbonate esiluhlaza zethusi ebusweni. Zonke nosawoti nethusi ezinobuthi. I mono- futhi divalent usho metal yakha asishintshi neze compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inani eliphakeme ngemboni kukhona ammonia.

Ububanzi bokusebenzisa

I okusezingeni eliphezulu conductivity ezishisayo kagesi nelethusi inquma isicelo kwayo kabanzi kulezo zimboni. Yiqiniso, iningi metal isetshenziswa Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka. Nokho, lokhu akulona nje endaweni uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithusi ingasetshenziswa:

• ubucwebe;

• bokwakha;

• lapho ukwakha amanzi bese Ukushisa izinhlelo;

• e igesi amapayipi.

Ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezehlukene amagugu isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko zethusi ingxubevange ngegolide. Lokhu kwandisa ukumelana ukusonteka nemihlobiso nemihuzuko. Umklamo ingasetshenziswa zethusi ambozwe uphahla futhi mbumbulu. Inzuzo enkulu ngiphele enjalo okuhlala isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, amashidi lokhu metal ethile abagqoke ophahleni kuyinto izimpawu zendawo owaziwa yezakhiwo - iSonto Cathedral emzini laseJalimane Hildesheim. ophahleni Ithusi isakhiwo ivikela isikhala layo langaphakathi ngoba cishe 700 edlule.

ngemisebenzi yobunjiniyela

Izinzuzo esemqoka amapayipi amanzi nethusi futhi ukuqina kanye nokwethembeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, metal uyakwazi unamathisele anezakhi ezikhethekile esiyingqayizivele yamanzi, okwenza kube wusizo umzimba. Ukuze bahlangane ahamba amalahle tube zethusi futhi kuhle bufaneleke - ikakhulukazi ngenxa ukugqwala yayo ukumelana naso futhi kwenze ductility. Lapho ukwanda ingcindezi eziphuthumayo imigqa enjalo ukwazi ukumelana umthwalo okukhulu ngaphezu kwensimbi. I ethile kuphela amaphayiphi nethusi izindleko zabo eziphakeme.