Ukwanda komhlaba kabanzi: izindlela zokuxazulula le nkinga

Abadwebi bama-demographer bayethusa: ukuqhutshwa kweplanethi minyaka yonke kuyinkinga ephuthumayo yeplanethi yethu. Ukukhula kwenani labantu kusongela inhlekelele yomphakathi kanye nemvelo. Izindlela eziyingozi ziphoqa ochwepheshe ukuba bafune izindlela zokuxazulula le nkinga.

Ingabe kukhona usongo?

Ukuchazwa okwenziwe ngokujwayelekile kokusongelwa kweplanethi kubangelwa ukuthi lapho kwenzeka inkinga yabantu eMhlabeni, izinsiza zizophela futhi ingxenye yabantu izobhekana nokuntuleka kokudla, amanzi noma ezinye izindlela ezibalulekile zokudla. Le nqubo isondelene kakhulu nokukhula komnotho. Uma ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yabantu kungasihambisani nesilinganiso sokukhula komuntu, umuntu uzothola ngokuzenzekelayo ezimweni ezingenakuphila zokuphila.

Ukuhlaziywa kwamahlathi, amadlelo, izilwane zasendle, inhlabathi - lokhu kuphela uhlu olungaphelele lwalokho okusongela ukwanda komhlaba. Ngokusho kososayensi, ngisho nanamuhla, ngenxa yokuqina nokuntuleka kwezinsiza emazweni ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni, abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-30 bafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngonyaka.

Ukunciphisa okuningi

Inkinga eningi enezindleko zokukhuphuka kweplanethi ayikhona nje ekuqedeni kwemithombo yemvelo (lesi simo sivame kakhulu emazweni ampofu). Endabeni yamazwe athuthukile, kunenkinga enkulu ephakama - ukucutshungulwa okukhulu. Kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi akuwona umphakathi omkhulu ngobukhulu bawo obuthakathaka kakhulu ukuze basebenzise izinsiza ezihlinzekwe kuwo, ukungcola imvelo. Ubuningi bomphakathi futhi budlala indima. Emadolobheni amakhulu ezimboni kakhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi ayikwazi ukulimaza imvelo.

Ingemuva

Inkinga yanamuhla yokudlulela kwenhlabathi yavela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yethu, abantu abangaba yizigidi eziyikhulu baphila emhlabeni. Izimpi ezivamile, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, imithi yama-archaic - konke lokhu akuzange kuvumele abantu ukuba bakhule ngokushesha. Uphawu lwamabhiliyoni ayi-1 lwenqotshwa kuphela ngo-1820. Kodwa kakade ekukhuleni kwekhulu lama-XX kweplanethi yaba yiqiniso elingenakwenzeka, njengoba inani labantu lakhula ekwenzeni i-geometric (okubambe iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhuliseni izinga lokuphila).

Namuhla, cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7 baphila emhlabeni (ibhiliyoni lesikhombisa "yaqashwa" eminyakeni nje eyishumi nanhlanu edlule). Ukwanda konyaka kungu-90 million. Isimo esifanayo ososayensi bathi ukuqhuma kwabantu. Umphumela oqondile walesi simo yilokhu okwedlula zonke umhlaba. Ukwanda okuyinhloko kumazwe omhlaba wesibili nowesithathu, kufaka phakathi i-Afrika, lapho ukwanda kokuzalwa kokubaluleka kuzuza intuthuko yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle.

Izindleko zokuhlala emadolobheni

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlala, amadolobha akhula ngokushesha (kokubili indawo ehlala kuwo kanye nenani labantu basezindaweni ezikhulayo). Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-urban. Indima yomuzi empilweni yomphakathi iyaqhubeka ikhula, indlela yokuphila yasemadolobheni ifinyelela kuzo zonke izindawo ezintsha. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi ezolimo sekuyeke ukuba igatsha elibalulekile lomnotho wezwe, njengoba sekuyiminyaka eminingi eminyaka.

Ekhulwini lama-XX kwakukhona "ukuguquka okuthula", okuwumphumela wokuvela kwamaningi amaningi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba. Esikhathini sesayensi, inkathi yanamuhla ibizwa nangokuthi "isikhathi samadolobha amakhulu," esibonisa ngokucacile ushintsho oluyisisekelo olwenziwe esintwini phezu kwezizukulwane eziningana ezedlule.

Ngabe izibalo ezomile zithini ngalesi score? Ekhulwini lama-20, abantu basezindaweni zasemadolobheni bakhula cishe ingxenye yesigamu ngonyaka. Lesi sibonakaliso siphakeme nakakhulu kunokukhula komphakathi ngokwawo. Uma ngo-1900 emadolobheni behlala ku-13% wabantu bomhlaba, ngo-2010 - kakade 52%. Le nkomba ngeke iqede.

Ukulimala okukhulu kwemvelo kubangelwa amadolobha. Emazweni omhlaba wesithathu, bona, ngaphezu kwalokho, benezitekisi ezinkulu ezinenkinga enkulu yemvelo nezenhlalo. Njengokwenyuka kwenani labantu, ukukhuphuka okukhulu emadolobheni manje kubonakala e-Afrika. Lapho, ijubane lingu-4%.

Izimbangela

Izimbangela zendabuko zokudlula umhlaba jikelele zikhona emasikweni enkolo namasiko eminye imikhakha e-Asia ne-Afrika, lapho umndeni omkhulu kuwumkhuba wokwanda kwabantu abaningi. Emazweni amaningi, izisu zokukhulelwa kanye nokukhipha isisu azivunyelwe. Inani elikhulu lezingane alidideli izakhamuzi zalawo mazwe lapho ububha nobuphofu kuhlala khona endaweni evamile. Konke lokhu kuholele ekutheni emazweni ase-Afrika Ephakathi kukhona izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ezingu-4-6 ngomndeni, nakuba abazali ngokuvamile bengakwazi ukuzisekela.

Kulimaza ekugqaseni okukhulu

Isongo esiyinhloko sokwanda kwamaplanethi sifike ekucindezelweni kwemvelo. Ukushaya okukhulu kwemvelo kuvela emadolobheni. Ukusebenza kuphela kwezingu-2% zomhlaba wasemhlabeni, kungumthombo wama-80% wokukhipha izinto ezilimazayo emkhathini. Baphinde babhekane no-6/10 kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi amasha. Ama-Landfills anobuthi inhlabathi. Lapho abantu behlala emadolobheni, kunomthelela omkhulu wokukhuphuka komhlaba.

Isintu sandisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindawo zokugcina umhlaba azikho isikhathi sokuthola futhi zivele zinyamalale. Lokhu kusebenza ngisho nasezinsizeni ezivuselelekayo (amahlathi, amanzi amasha, inhlanzi), kanye nokudla. Kusukela kulelo nzuzo wonke amazwe asanda kuvundiwe athathwa. Lokhu kuhlinzekwa yizimayini ezivulekile zamazwe amaminerali. Ukwandisa umkhiqizo wezolimo, sisebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kanye namanyolo wamaminerali. Ziwutshisa umhlabathi, ziholele ekukhusheni kwawo.

Ukukhula kwezitshalo zomhlaba jikelele cishe ku-1% ngonyaka. Lesi sibonakaliso sigxila kakhulu ekukhuleni kwabantu basezweni. Umphumela walesi sigebe ubungozi bokungabikho komkhiqizo (isibonelo, esimweni somiso). Ukwandisa noma yikuphi ukukhiqizwa futhi kubeka iplanethi phambi kwengozi yokungabi namandla.

"Umngcele ongaphezulu" weplanethi

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ngesilinganiso samanje sokusetshenziswa, isici samazwe acebile, uMhlaba uyakwazi ukondla abanye abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, futhi ngokuncipha okuphawulekayo kwekhwalithi yokuphila, iplanethi izokwazi "ukuqukethe" amanye amabhiliyoni ambalwa. Isibonelo, eNdiya, ama-akhawunti ahlala kuwo amahektare angu-1.5, ngenkathi eYurophu - 3.5 hectare.

Lezi zibalo zachazwa ososayensi uMatis Wackernagel noWilliam Reese. Ngawo-1990, badala umqondo okuthiwa yi-"Ecology Track". Abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi indawo ehlala emhlabeni i-hectare ayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyi-9, kuyilapho ngaleso sikhathi abantu bezwe beyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, okusho ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ngokulinganiselwa waba yi-1.5 hectare.

Ukwandisa ukusondelana nokuntuleka kwezinsiza ngeke kubangele inhlekelele nje yemvelo. Kakade namuhla, kwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, ukuqhuma kwabantu kuholela emphakathini, kuzwelonke futhi, ekugcineni, izinkinga zezombangazwe. Lesi simo sibonakaliswa yisimo eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Iningi lale ndawo lihlala ngamahlane. Isibalo samabhodlela amancane avunayo sibonakala ngokuphakama okukhulu. Izinsiza kubo bonke akwanele. Futhi kulokhu, kukhona izingxabano ezivamile phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene.

Icala laseNdiya

Isibonelo esicacile kunazo zonke sokudlulela ngokweqile nemiphumela yaso yiNdiya. Izinga lokuzalwa kuleli zwe liyizingane ezingu-2.3 ngabesifazane ngabesifazane. Lokhu akudluli kakhulu izinga lokukhiqiza kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, e-India kukhona kakade sekudlulile (abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-1.2, ababili kubathathu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-35 ubudala). Lezi zibalo zikhombisa inhlekelele yokusiza abantu abaseduze (uma isimo singangeneli).

Ngokwesibikezelo se-UN, ngo-2100 abantu baseNdiya bayoba ngabantu abayizigidi ezingu-2.6. Uma lesi sifo sifinyelela ngempela, kubangelwa ukuchithwa kwamahlathi ngaphansi kwezinsizakalo nokuntuleka kwemithombo yamanzi, izwe lilindele ukubhujiswa kwemvelo. ENdiya, kunezinhlanga eziningi ezisongela impi yombango kanye nokuwa kwezwe. Isimo esinjalo ngokuqinisekile siyophazamisa umhlaba wonke, uma kuphela ukugeleza kwamaphesenti ababaleki kuzogeleza ezweni, futhi bazohlala emazweni ahlukene kakhulu, aphumelelayo.

Izindlela zokuxazulula inkinga

Kukhona imibono eminingana mayelana nokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nenkinga yomphakathi yomhlaba. Ukulwa nokuqothulwa kwenhlabathi kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza. Iqukethe izinguquko zomphakathi ezinikezela imigomo yabantu namathuba angathatha isikhundla sezenzo zomndeni wendabuko. Abantu abanesizungu banganikezwa izinzuzo ngendlela yentela, izindlu, njll. Inqubomgomo enjalo izokwandisa inani labantu abenqaba ukwenza isinqumo somshado washeshe.

Kwabesifazane, uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi kanye nemfundo luyadingeka ukwandisa inzalo emisebenzini futhi, ngokuphambene, ukunciphisa intshisekelo ekubelethweni ngaphambi kokubeletha. Ukugunyazwa kokukhipha izisu nakho kuyadingeka. Yile ndlela ukunyatheliswa kwephasiwedi kungabambezeleka ngayo. Izindlela zokuxazulula le nkinga zihlanganisa ezinye imibono.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela

Namuhla, kwamanye amazwe aphezulu okuzalwa, inqubomgomo yokubambisana yabasebenzi iyasetshenziswa. Endaweni ethile ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo, izindlela zokucindezela ziyasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, eNdiya eminyakeni yama-1970. Inzalo yokuphoqelelwa yenziwa.

Isibonelo esidume kakhulu nesiphumelele senqubomgomo yokuvimbela emkhakheni wezintandokazi yiChina. E-China, imibhangqwana enezingane ezimbili kanye nemali ekhokhelwa ngaphezulu. Abesifazane abakhulelwe banikeza isabelo sabo sesihlanu. Inqubomgomo enjalo yenza kube lula ukunciphisa ukukhula kwabantu kusukela 30% ukuya ku-10% eminyakeni engama-20 (1970-1990).

Njengoba kunqatshelwe eChina, kwakunabantwana abayizigidi ezingu-200 ezingaphansi kwezingane ezingabonakali ngaphandle kwezigwegwe. Inkinga yokukhuphuka kwephasiwedi kanye nezindlela zokuxazulula ingabangela ubunzima obusha. Ngakho-ke, inqubomgomo yeChina yokuvimbela ibangele ukuguga okukhulu kwabantu, ngenxa yokuthi i-PRC isenqaba kancane kancane izinhlawulo zemindeni emikhulu. Imizamo yokwethulwa kwemingcele yemiphakathi yayisePakistan, eBangladesh, e-Indonesia naseSri Lanka.

Ukunakekelwa kwemvelo

Ukuze wenze ukukhukhulwa kweMhlaba kungabhubhi emhlabeni wonke, akudingeki nje kuphela ukukhawulela izinga lokuzalwa, kodwa futhi ukusebenzisa izinsiza ngaphezulu ngokulinganisa. Izinguquko zingase zihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo ehlukile yamandla. Ayisaphazamisi futhi asebenza kahle kakhulu. ISweden kakade ngo-2020 ngeke inqabe emithonjeni yamapetroli okuvela emvelweni (izothathwa esikhundleni samandla emithonjeni evuselelwe). I-Iceland iyahamba ngendlela efanayo.

Ukwanda komhlaba kabanzi, njengenkinga yomhlaba wonke, kusongela umhlaba wonke. Ngesikhathi eseScandinavia beshintsha amandla, iBrazil izodlulisela ezokuthutha zibe yi-ethanol, ekhishwe ushukela, inamba enkulu eyenziwa kuleli zwe laseNingizimu Melika.

Ngo-2012, amaphesenti angu-10 amabandla waseBrithani ayesevele akhiqizwa ngomoya wamandla. E-US, zigxila enkampanini yenuzi. Abaholi baseYurophu enamandla kagesi yiJalimane neSpain, ngenani lokukhula ngonyaka ka-25%. Njengesiyingi esingokwemvelo sokuvikelwa kwe-biosphere, ukuvulwa kwezinqolobane ezintsha kanye namapaki kazwelonke kuhle kakhulu.

Zonke lezi zibonelo zikhombisa ukuthi inqubomgomo ehlose ukunciphisa umthwalo emvelweni ayikwenzeka kuphela, kodwa futhi isebenza kahle. Izinyathelo ezinjalo ngeke zisindise umhlaba ekudlulelweni okukhulu, kepha okungenani ukunciphisa imiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ukuze unakekele imvelo, kubalulekile ukunciphisa indawo yezolimo ezisetshenziswayo, ngenkathi ungavumeli ukuntuleka kokudla. Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba kwezinsiza kufanele kube kuhle. Ingxenye evikelekile yesintu ingashiya insalela yemithombo yayo, ihlinzeke labo abayidingayo kakhulu.

Ukushintsha isimo sengqondo ngomndeni

Inkinga yokudlulela kweMhlaba ixazululwa yi-propaganda yomqondo wokuhlela umndeni. Lokhu kudinga ukufinyeleleka okulula kwabathengi kumithi yokukhulelwa. Emazweni athuthukile, ohulumeni bazama ukunciphisa ukuzala ngokukhula kwabo komnotho. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi kukhona iphethini: emphakathini ocebile, abantu kamuva baqala imindeni. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yokukhulelwa namuhla ayifuni.

Kubantu abaningi abavamile, iplanethi ephakeme kakhulu iyinkolelo engayithinti ngokuqondile, kodwa ngaphambili kunezinkolelo zamazwe nezenkolo, ngokusho ukuthi umndeni omkhulu uwukuphela kwendlela yokuthi owesifazane azibonele ekuphileni kwakhe. Kuze kube khona ukuqonda isidingo sokuguquka komphakathi eNyakatho Afrika, eNingizimu-Ntshonalanga ye-Asia kanye nezinye izifunda zomhlaba, inkinga yezenhlalakahle izohlala inselele enkulu kubo bonke abantu.