Ukunyakaza Chartist: abaholi, izizathu, yezinjongo eziyinhloko, izindlela umzabalazo, umphumela. Ukuqala ukunyakaza Chartist. Kungani ukuhamba Chartist kuhlulekile?

Esinye sezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo komlando Maphakathi nekhulu XIX e-UK isibe okuthiwa Chartist ukunyakaza. Kwaba uhlobo sokuhlanganiswa lokuqala imizamo yabasebenzi kuleli zwe ukuze avikele amalungelo abo. Ububanzi isenzo zombusazwe sabasebenzi angazanga phambi libonwe emlandweni waseBrithani. Ake sithole ukuthi kwakungani izimbangela Chartism, ukulandelela intuthuko yayo kanye ukusungula kungani ukuhamba Chartist kuhlulekile.

prehistory

Kuze ikota kwekhulu XIX yesibili, amandla main wamavukelambuso e-UK wahlala onxiwankulu. Ekugcineni, izuze eliyifa wezinguquko ephalamende 1832, okwaholela ukwanda okukhulu ukumelwa yayo kule House of Commons, onxiwankulu eqinisweni uye wenza abantu baba enye nezigaba zabantu ababusayo. Abasebenzi nazo zamukelwa izinguquko njengengxenye futhi kwakunjalo isithakazelo sabo, kodwa kwacaca ukuthi, kunokuba ngokugcwele wahlangana okulindelwe sabasebenzi.

Kancane kancane, isigaba sabasebenzi waba amandla main izinguquko kanye ashisekela izinguquko e-UK.

Izizathu ezinyakazayo

Njengoba kungaqondakala kusukela ngenhla, izizathu ukunyakaza Chartist walala umsebenzi walo ukunganeliseki isimo sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe, ukuze kukhawulwe ilungelo labo lokukhetha abameleli ephalamende. Uphalafini emlilweni wathela nezinkinga zomnotho zeminyaka 1825 futhi 1836, ikakhulukazi elokugcina, okwakuwuphawu uhlobo okwabangela kokuqala ukunyakaza. Umphumela omumbi kwaba ukuwa ezingeni lokuphila ukuntuleka komsebenzi kubantu abaningi phakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi. Ikakhulukazi lapho ezwa ngosizi kwaba esisentshonalanga County of England, Lancashire. Konke lokhu akukwazanga kodwa ububi emehlweni eziphathamandla abasebenzi ababefuna ukuba amathuluzi ukuthonya ngokusebenzisa ephalamende umnotho wezwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1834 ePhalamende zamukela le kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi umthetho abampofu, okuyinto some abasebenzi. Ngokusemthethweni ekuqaleni ukunyakaza Chartist kwakuhambisana nezinga imibhikisho emelene lo mthetho. Nokho, kamuva le imigomo okubalulekile ziqokonyiswe.

Ngakho, izimbangela ukunyakaza Chartist waba imvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuhlanganisa izici zezombangazwe nezomnotho.

Ukuthola Traffic Chartists

Ukuqala ukunyakaza Chartist, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izazi-mlando eziningi ubheke 1836, nakuba usuku oluqondile ayikwazi ukucaciswa. Mayelana kokuqala bomnotho elilandelayo waqala imibuthano mass kokuphikisa abasebenzi, ngezinye izikhathi emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ukuvela ukunyakaza Chartist waqale kunalokho kwaba okuvele yayisekelwe kwemizwelo bekhalaza Abamele, futhi wayengeyena amandla olulodwa ehlelekile, eye umgomo ocacile ezivamile. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekuqaleni izishoshovu okwenza izimfuno ukuqedwa umthetho abampofu, ngakho ngemva rally ngamunye yondliwa lenqwaba izicelo ePhalamende sokuqeda lo mthetho.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaqembu abahlakazekile ababhikishi baqale yokuhlanganisa nomunye futhi abe namandla. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1836 e-London, kwakunengozi London Ukusebenza zabesilisa Association, okuletha ndawonye eziningana izinhlangano ezincane yesigaba sabasebenzi. Kuyinto lokhu inhlangano esikhathini esizayo ube amandla main zombusazwe ukunyakaza Chartist eBrithani. Libuye ngowokuqala athuthukile isimiso sabo izimfuno ePhalamende ehlanganisa amaphuzu ayisithupha.

ukugeleza Chartists

Mangisho ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni imibhikisho kule nhlangano bebelokhu amaphiko ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-sokunene nesobunxele. lontamo zazimeleleni umfelandawonye onxiwankulu futhi anamathela izindlela ikakhulukazi kwezepolitiki emzabalazweni. Iphiko kwesokunxele uye kakhulu kushintshwe. Kuyinto isimo sengqondo esingaqondile kakhulu ubuhlobo zingenzeka onxiwankulu, kodwa futhi linombono wokuthi lezi zinhloso kuzobonakala kuphela ungakwazi ukuthwebula ngempoqo.

Njengoba ubona, izindlela umzabalazo ukunyakaza Chartist abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele, kuncike ezithile busebenze. Ngakho esikhathini esizayo, futhi kuye kwaba esinye sezikhathi izizathu ukunqotshwa.

Abaholi lontamo

ukunyakaza Chartist kwaphawulwa khona eziningi abaholi abaqavile. Iphiko kwesokudla babenezinkinga uWilliam Lovett futhi Tomas Ettvud.

William Lovett wazalwa ngo-1800 edolobheni elingasenyakatho yeLondon. Ngisho ebusheni bakhe wathuthela enhloko-dolobha. Ekuqaleni wayesazi umbazi, khona-ke eba umongameli Society of woodworkers. Kwatholakala ukuthi kakhulu ukuthonywa imibono Roberta Ouena - nakancane Socialist Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX. Selokhu 1831 Lovett waqala iqhaza imibhikisho ezihlukahlukene embuthweni wezabasebenzi. Ngo-1836 yena waba ngomunye wabasunguli London Ukusebenza zabesilisa Association, okuyinto eyaba umgogodla ukunyakaza Chartist. Njengoba ummeleli wendlunkulu okuthiwa zabasebenzi Izicukuthwane, uWilliam Lovett wakhuthaza umfelandawonye onxiwankulu futhi isixazululo kwezepolitiki ukuze kuqinisekwe emalungelo etisebenti.

Tomas Ettvud wazalwa ngo 1783. Akwaziwa umnikazi kanye sezomnotho. Kusukela esemncane, yena wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe kwedolobha Birmingham. Ngo 1830, i-ANC ithe ngemuva Birmingham Political Union, okwakufanele ngabe imelela izithakazelo labantu kulo muzi. Attwood wayengomunye walaba abasekeli kunazo asebenzayo we izinguquko kwezombusazwe ngonyaka 1932. Ngemva kokuba wakhethwa ePhalamende ku House of Commons, lapho elalibhekwa njengelinye lamazwe zamaphini olukhulu kakhulu. Yena besho nokusho iphiko lolingene Chartists ngisho wathatha ingxenye esebenzayo kule nhlangano, kodwa ke wahamba kude naye.

Abaholi kwesokunxele iphiko

Phakathi kwabaholi iphiko kwesokunxele Chartists igunya esikhethekile sabazalwane Fergus O'Connor, James O'Brien, kanye umpristi Stephens.

Fergus O'Connor wazalwa ngo 1796 e-Ireland. Bafunde ummeli, limatasa wayekwenza. O'Connor wayengomunye walaba babambe iqhaza elibonakalayo itjhaphuluko kazwelonke e-Ireland, athuthukiswe in the 20s of XIX leminyaka. Kodwa-ke kwadingeka ukuba ukuthutha eNgilandi, lapho eqala ukushicilela iphephandaba "North Star". Uma waqala ukunyakaza Chartist, waba umholi zamaphiko sako sobunxele. Fergus O'Connor kwaba umsekeli izindlela wamavukelambuso emzabalazweni.

James O'Brien wayebuye ongowokuzalwa e-Ireland, wazalwa 1805. Waba intatheli owaziwa, usebenzisa igama ekulobeni Bronter. Wenza njengoba umhleli izincwadi eziningana, okuyinto wasekela Chartists. James O'Brien ezihlokweni lakhe wazama ukwenza le ukunyakaza i ukulungisiswa ngemibono. Ekuqaleni bavikela izindlela mbuso ka ukulwa, kodwa kamuva owaba inxusa kabusha elinokuthula.

Ngakho, abaholi ukunyakaza Chartist akazange abe isikhundla ezivamile ku izindlela umzabalazo wamalungelo abasebenzi '.

sicelosikhalo

Ngo-1838 yasungulwa sicelosikhalo ezivamile bekhalaza, elibizwa ngokuthi Yabantu Charter (Abantu charter). Yingakho igama lalowo ukunyakaza, okuyinto asekelwe usomqulu - Chartism. Ngokuqinisekile, izicelo Key malungiselelo aye umiselwe e amaphuzu ayisithupha:

• ukunikeza ilungelo lokuvota bonke amadoda aneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-21;
• ukuqedwa ziqu impahla ilungelo kumele zikhethwe ephalamende;
• ekusithekeni of ukuvota;
• izifunda alinganayo yokhetho;
• impahla umvuzo amalungu ePhalamende sokwenza imisebenzi zomthetho;
• yonyaka isikhathi ukhetho.

Njengoba ubona, isicelo sezihlonziwe, hhayi yonke imisebenzi esemqoka ye ukunyakaza Chartist, kodwa kuphela labo eziphathelene okhethweni kuya House of Commons.

Ngo-July 1839 lesi sikhalazo abulawa ngaso sethulwa phambi iPhalamende amasignisha ezingaphezu kuka-1.2 million.

I okunye Yiqiniso ukunyakaza

EPhalamende, usomqulu sinqatshiwe inombolo obuqand amavoti.

Ngemva kwezinsuku ezintathu e Birmingham ihlelwe rally ekusekeleni lesi sikhalazo, okwaphela izibhelu namaphoyisa. Collision Umphumela uye waba okuningi abalimala nhlangothi zombili, kanye imililo emikhulu kuleli dolobha. ukunyakaza Chartist waqala ukuthatha enobudlova.

Impi waqala kwamanye amadolobha e-England, isibonelo, e Newport. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela yahlakazeka ekupheleni 1839, abaholi abaningi yayo bagwetshwa, futhi inhlangano Chartist isikhashana namanje.

Kodwa kwakumane nje into yesikhashana, njengoba imbangela Chartism ngokwabo sekususiwe, futhi imiphumela ukunyakaza Chartist kulesigaba akazange aneliseke sabasebenzi.

Ehlobo lika-1840 Central Organization Chartists yasungulwa ngo Manchester. Kwakuthinta iwine iphiko lolingene ukunyakaza. It lathatha isinqumo ukuphishekela imigomo yabo besebenzisa indlela enokuthula kuphela. Kodwa maduze nje, iphiko olukhulu futhi kwakufanele iphindele isikhundla sakhe odlule njengoba izindlela ngokomthethosisekelo ungayeki elamukelekile.

Umqulu olandelayo

Ngo-1842, umthetho-sisekelo omusha ngesikhathi wethulwe ePhalamende. Eqinisweni, izidingo ngoba akukashintshi, kodwa yetfulwe okuningi ngokhahlo. izikhathi Ngalesi sikhathi, nesignesha eqoqwe Babengaphezu kwamashumi amabili nengxenye engaphezu -. 3.3 million Nalapha futhi, imiphumela ukunyakaza Chartist kuhlulekile ukujabulisa amalungu aso, ngakho njengoba lesi sicelo omusha sinqatshiwe iningi elikhulu amalungu ePhalamende. Khona-ke, njengoba isikhathi sokugcina, kwakusondela igagasi lokushisekela ubudlova, kodwa ngezinga ezincane. Nalapha kulandele ukuboshwa, kodwa ngenxa yokwephula inqubo, cishe zonke iziboshwa badedelwa.

Ngemva hiatus eside, e-1848, igagasi elisha ukunyakaza Chartist, sokucasuka ngomunye crisis ezimbonini. Okwesithathu-ke manje kuleli ephalamende sathunyelwa a isicelo masinyane, manje esibalelwa 5 million. Kusayina. Nokho, leli qiniso kungabazeka kakhulu, ngoba abasayini yabalwa phakathi ubuntu sasivumela owaziwa, ngubani nje ayikwazanga ngemvume uhlu lwezikhalazo, ezifana koroleva Viktoriya nomphostoli uPawulu. Lapho-ke wavula, Charter awuzange badzimate yiPhalamende ukuze sicatshangelwe.

Izizathu kokunqotshwa ukunyakaza

Ngemva kwalokho Chartism Angizange kuvuselelwe. Kwaba ukwehlulwa kwakhe. Kodwa kungani ukuhamba Chartist kuhlulekile? Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi abameleli bayo kungukuthi ngokucacile ukuqonda umgomo wabo oyinhloko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi Chartists ngezindlela eziningi kubonakala izindlela emzabalazweni: abanye ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa izindlela zezombusazwe kuphela, kuyilapho abanye babekholelwa ukuthi injongo ukunyakaza Chartist kuphela azuzwe ngokusebenzisa revolution.

indima ebalulekile attenuation ukunyakaza kwakuwukuthi emva 1848 emnothweni UK uqalile usimamise, bese kwenyuka nemazinga ekuphila, nakho uye ehlisela ibha ukungezwani kwezenhlalo emphakathini.

imiphumela

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, singasho ukuthi imiphumela ukunyakaza Chartist kwatholakala ukuthi azinaso ngokuphelele. zikhathi enenqubekela phambili futhi into ephawulekayo ukuthi kubhekwe njengento ezivuna Chartism ePhalamende Were.

Ngakho, intela engenayo yethulwa ngo-1842. Manje izakhamuzi intela ngokuvumelana imali yabo, futhi kungakho amathuba.

Ngo-1846, imisebenzi corn abangu amiswe, okwenza isinkwa ezibizayo nokunye okuningi. ukususwa yabo ukuvumele ukwehlisa intengo imikhiqizo ebhikawozi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa izindleko abampofu.

Impumelelo eyinhloko ukunyakaza kubhekwe ukwehla zomthetho ngo-1847, ngosuku ukusebenza kwabesifazane nezingane amahora ayishumi ngosuku.

Ngemva kwalokho, embuthweni wezabasebenzi selineminyaka isikhathi eside, kodwa baphinde bavuselwe ngasekupheleni 60-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XIX ngesimo zabasebenzi (inyunyana ukunyakaza).