Ubukhulu Okukhazimulayo Okubonisa Theodoro eCrimea kepha ukuphela kwayo edabukisayo

Okuningi emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka ngaphambi Ukubhapathizwa Rus edolobheni Doris, ise eningizimu (sezintaba) ingxenye yonke iNhlonhlo YaseCrimea, laliyisikhungo ubuKristu kule elikhulu Black Sea esifundeni. Kamuva ababemzungezile udale eziyingqayizivele ubukhulu bayo uhlobo Theodoro, okuyinto eyaba isinqamu lokugcina Empire owawuke waba namandla WaseByzantium, nomuzi Christian lasendulo, washintsha igama lakhe laba Mangup iyinhloko-dolobha.

Ukubukeka eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-isimo esisha eCrimea

ubukhulu okusha kwamiswa ngenxa ukwehlukana yangaphambili koloni WaseByzantium, elise eCrimea, futhi ilawulwa isimo encane ngesiGreki ngokuthi Trebizond. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII waseConstantinople kakhulu walahlekelwa amandla alo ezempi kuka ayeshesha ukusizakala yomunye ezinhle Genoese abahahayo ngubani ashaqe ingxenye enyakatho ntshonalanga yale nhlonhlo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo endaweni hhayi kulawulwa Genoa, kwakhiwa geqe, eliholwa umbusi yangaphambili Trabzon futhi uqambe ubukhulu Theodoro.

ECrimea Imfihlakalo olusithekile kithi egameni lakhe, kodwa thina siyazi ukuthi lo muntu wayevela Feodorov lwamakhosi amabili eminyaka ababusa lapho muzi awetha leli gama ubukhulu elalisanda kumiswa. Umsunguli lolu hlobo - uTheodore Gavras, The Aristocrat WaseByzantium ongama-Armenia, safinyelela isiqongo amandla, emva eminyakeni engaphansi kwamashumi amabili uye wakwazi olulodwa-handedly ukukhulisa nabezempi futhi ukumkhulula Trabzon walithumba we Seljuk abaseTurkey, bese baba nombusi wawo. Amandla kwaba ngofuzo, kuyilapho njengoba izingobe ngenxa enkantolo lwamakhosi awuzange kwaphoqa izimbangi yimpumelelo ngaphezulu uhlobo Comneni.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla yangaphambili koloni WaseByzantium

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIII eCrimea, endaweni hhayi kulawulwa Genoese, kwakheka i ubukhulu ezimele Theodoro, yethiwa lwamakhosi Ubusa lapho. Okuphambili kusukela kwakuwukuthi umama ezweni yayo yangaphambili futhi ngempumelelo sibonakalisa kuphangwa ka abanqobi eziningi, wahlala amakhulu amabili eminyaka, baba sokuthuthwa kwempahla orthodox nawubuzwe e oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga enhlonhlweni yaseCrimea.

indawo Duchy eqhubeka phakathi emadolobheni nasemazweni anamuhla ka balaclava futhi Alushta, futhi waba inhloko-dolobha Mangup inqaba yasendulo elakhiwa emuva lé ekhulwini V. Kuze kube manje, amanxiwa alo ukuheha izinkulungwane zezivakashi ngamunye umhlambi ngonyaka eCrimea. Kukholakala ukuthi inani elihle kunawo nezikhathi ubukhulu labantu lafinyelela abantu ziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nesithupha, cishe bonke abantu bengaba Orthodox. Ubukhulu of Theodoro eCrimea zinhlanga ngokuyinhloko amaGreki, Goths, Armenia, Russian kanye nabamele nezinye izizwe-Orthodox. Bona ukuxhumana bodwa ikakhulukazi lwesigodi Gothic German.

Iqhaza ababaleki entabeni ubukhulu ukuphila

ubukhulu YaseCrimea Theodoro laba yindawo amaKristu amaningi-Orthodox ababefuna ukumhlenga kulesi abahlaseli Muslim. Ikakhulukazi, ayegubha inflow abalulekile emva ukuthunjwa Seljuk-Turks eByzantium Eastern. I zezindela Orthodox Mangup - inhloko-dolobha Theodora, izindela babesuke zezindela entabeni eKhaphadosiya, kuphangwa kanye wokubhujiswa kwezitha.

Indima ebalulekile i-ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano isimo kudlalwa Armenia ababe izakhamuzi zedolobha of Ani, bazinza Theodoro, ngemva ezweni labo incotjwa Seljuk nabaseTurkey. Abamele emazweni ezingeni lelisetulu isiko, lezi ababaleki baye kwathuthukisa ubukhulu isipiliyoni yayo eminyaka ubudala emkhakheni wezohwebo yezandla.

Nge ukubukeka kwabo, kwatholakala ezifundeni eziningi we-Armenian Orthodox Church feodoritskoy futhi engxenyeni Genoese eCrimea. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Armenia babé ingxenye enkulu labantu eCrimea, ngaphezu kwalokho lo mkhuba aluphelanga ngisho nangemva kokunqotshwa kwalo ngo ngokuvukela uMbuso WaseTurkey.

Lo rise umnotho nempucuko feodorites

Phakathi XIII futhi xv ekhulwini evame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma ngalesi simo. Iminyaka engamakhulu amabili ubukhulu Theodoro ephethwe ekhuphukela eliphakeme ubuciko isakhiwo, oluvumela esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esezifakiwe izibonelo olugqamile kwezomnotho, ithempeli nenqaba izakhiwo. Ikakhulu sibonga ngezisebenzi, dala lenqaba ungenakunqotshwa, Theodoret ephethwe dudula ayehlasela izitha ezingenakubalwa.

Crimean Theodoro ubukhulu abadumile wezolimo yayo, ikakhulu viticulture kanye ukukhiqizwa iwayini ukuba akahambe ngalé isimo. Abacwaningi banamuhla igodi kule ngxenye eCrimea ibonisa ukuthi cishe zonke izindawo kwafumaniseka ukuthi babe yizinkulungwane isitoreji iwayini kanye yamagilebhisi sewayini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, feodorites babaziwa ngokuthi balimi onekhono futhi izazi zezimbali.

Ukuxhumana isimo Crimean nge eMoscow

Eqinisweni abathandwayo - ubukhulu of Fodor nezikhulu zakhe walala eduze kakhulu Rus sidilizwa. Ngisho kwaziwa ukuthi kwaba kusukela kwezifunda zezintaba eCrimea zivela imikhaya eminingana ahlukile, okuyinto wadlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni wombuso zethu zaziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umndeni boyar owehla evela Hovrina wathutha ekhulwini XIV kusukela Mangupa eMoscow abameleli eziningana Gavras lwamakhosi isinqumo khona. ERussia ke ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka siye saphathiswa ukulawula izici ezibaluleke kakhulu yokuphila yomphakathi - izimali.

Ekhulwini XVI kule emikhaya ahlukene amagatsha amabili, abamele ephinde imakwe emlandweni Russian - kuyinto Tretyakovs futhi Golovin. Kodwa thina aziwa kakhulu Mangupsky Princess Sofya Paleolog, owaba ngomfazi Grand UMbusi eMoscow Ivan III. Ngakho, sinesizathu esizwakalayo ukukhuluma ngendima eyadlalwa ubukhulu Theodoro nababusi balo emlandweni Russian.

Okunye kwamaZwe Theodoro isimo

Ngaphandle ERussia yasendulo yayiyindlela eziningi uthi, okuyinto babesondelene kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho ubukhulu Theodoro. Umlando ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kufakazela ukuthi izibopho zayo eduze dynastic nge iningi izindlu isinqumo eziseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ngokwesibonelo, Princess Maria Mangupsky - umbusi udade feodorskogo, waba mfazi uMbusi Moldova Stefana Velikogo, nodadewabo wayeshade indlalifa trapezuntskogo sobukhosi.

Life ayezungezwe izitha

Uma ngibheka emuva emlandweni, ungahlosile ubuze umbuzo: angakuthola kanjani ubukhulu encane entabeni kungaba eside ukumelana naleli abanqobi esesabekayo njengoba Yedigei Tatar khans futhi Nogai? Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isitha kwadingeka bokuphakama zezinombolo amaningi, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi wehlulekile ukufeza umgomo waso, kodwa, ukuba balahlekelwa esindayo, waphonselwa ngaphandle koMbuso. kamuva kuphela, ezinye izindawo zaleli zwe babe ngaphansi kokulawula kwakhe.

ubukhulu Orthodox of Theodoro eCrimea, futhi omunye izingcezwana lokugcina eByzantium, kwadala inzondo nabaseGenoa babephethe amaKatolika, kanye khans YaseCrimea. Kule ndaba, labantu bayo wahlala ezilungele njalo ukuze kuxoshwe ubudlova, kodwa isikhathi eside ngakho wayengeke aqhubeke. Isimo encane ayezungezwe izitha nhlangothi zonke, lalizobhujiswa.

Ukuhlaselwa enhlonhlweni wabahlaseli Turkish

Ngathola isitha kuLowo ubukhulu Theodoro ayibanga namandla. Kwakuwusuku yoMbuso WaseTurkey, ngubudlelwano ngesikhathi eMbusweni WaseByzantium futhi wazibekela umgomo wethu ku amakoloni yayo yangaphambili. Ehlasela insimu eCrimea, abaseTurkey ashaqe ezweni kalula, ingeyamakhosi Genoese futhi khans abendawo akhonze yakhe. Umugqa owawuqondene Theodoret.

Ngo 1475 Mangup - inhloko-dolobha ubukhulu ka Theodoro, uvinjezelwe akhethiwe izingxenye Turkish, kwagcizelela emabuthweni efanayo akhonze ngaphansi kwabo, lo khans YaseCrimea. Ehola yalesi sixuku ezinkulungwane wema Gedik Ahmed Pasha, ababengoFakazi ngaleso sikhathi ngibe usaziwayo ngokunqoba kwakhe ogwini we Bosphorus. Caught indandatho aminyene izitha, inhloko-dolobha isimo entabeni ukubonakalisa ukuhlaselwa kwabo abantu izinyanga eziyisihlanu.

I edabukisayo sincumo

Ngo bevikela umuzi ngaphandle izakhamuzi zalo, amasosha angamakhulu amathathu wathatha ingxenye, luhlose umbusi baseMoldova uStefanu Elikhulu, oshadile ePrincess Maria ka Mangup futhi ngaleyo ndlela ngaso Theodora nokuzwelana. Leli qembu baseMoldova wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "iSparta angamakhulu amathathu eCrimea." Yena, ngokusekelwa bendawo wakwazi ukunqoba Ottoman izindlu elite - a ibutho of Janissaries. Kodwa ngenxa ukuphakama kwamanani umphumela isitha kwakuyinto kuzenzakalele.

Ngemva ukuzivikela eside Mangup namanje ezandleni zezitha. Nangemva kokuba ezamile wahluleka impumelelo empini evulekile, abaseTurkey yakhetha amacebo efakazelwe - kokuvala yonke indlela kwezidingo kokudla, ababeyithathile edolobheni nenqaba yalo azibulale. Kwabakhileyo yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu kuphela kwesigamu inhlokodolobha ngokushesha ibhujisiwe, futhi ukuphumula enziwa izigqila.

inzalo feodorites

Kakade emva wawa Mangup futhi osungulwe umthetho WaseTurkey, ngisho namakhulu eminyaka amaningana wahlala imiphakathi Orthodox Emhlabeni, lapho ubukhulu Theodoro ngaphambili. Le nhlekelele lapha, zibancishe kubo amaningi amathempeli ngaphambilini esakhiwe zezindela, kodwa hhayi baphoqeleka ukuba bayishiye inkolo wawoyise. Inzala labo lokuqala owakhiwe ke sembelwa isimo lokulibala wakwazi ukugcina amasiko esihle of ukulima.

Bayaqhubeka sikhule kakolweni nokwenza yezandla. Lapho ekhulwini XVIII uCatherine II yakhipha umyalo wokuba phezu kwe sonke isibalo sabantu Christian insimu ka-Russia, ngaleyo ndlela igalelo ongalungiseki umnotho eCrimea. Izifiki futhi ezweni lawo elisha emenza ahlukene izinhlangano ezimbili kazwelonke - Don Azov nakumaGreki Armenia.

esidlule ukhohlwe

Ubukhulu of Theodoro, umlando okuyinto kukhawulwe emakhulwini amabili nje, liye lasinda muzi yayo kanye onamandla Trebizond ngisho iConstantinople. Ukuba le yindawo yokugcina zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni eCrimea, le ubukhulu izinyanga wamelana ukumelana amabutho esitha anamandla wawa kuphela emva kokuqeda wonke amathuba ukuze uqhubeke ukumelana.

Kubangela ukudumala ukuthi feat zabantu elinesibindi cishe zazifile kwimemori yizizukulwane ezizayo. Bambalwa abantu bazi ngisho lokho kwaba igama inhlokodolobha YaseCrimea we ubukhulu ka Theodoro. umphakathi wesimanje abahlala endaweni, it is kahle ukwaziswa izenzakalo yiqhawe ukudlalwa kwalo amakhulu eminyaka emihlanu nengxenye edlule. izivakashi ngokuvakashela emanxiweni i inqaba yasendulo kuphela, ulalele izindaba ngazo uyasiqondisa futhi ufunde isifinyezo sezinto ehlongozwayo izincwajana zabo ezimibalabala.