Synecology ukutadisha izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo

Lemvelo kuqhathaniswa ne wezitshalo, ngokuphila kwezilwane kanye anatomy isiyalo ngokulinganiswa ayemncane begazi ukuthi kwavela phakathi nekhulu le-19. Sidingida ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo nemiphakathi yabo nomunye nendawo yemvelo. Omunye izingxenye zalo - synecology - uhlola ngemvelo futhi eziphilayo walo ophilayo bayingxenye biogeocenosis: tilokatane, amakhowe, izilwane ngokubambisana neNhlangano nomunye. Isayensi ngokwayo has kwaqala umsebenzi izazi ezinjengo L. Dollo, O. Abela, DN Kashkarov, VN Sukachev.

Kulesi sihloko, sizofunda nemiqondo eyisisekelo ngemvelo sigaba futhi ukuthola isakhiwo kanye nokusebenza izimiso zokusebenza kwemvelo.

Biogeocoenoses izingxenye njengoba uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Ndawonye abantu ezilwaneni ezahlukene - labantu - siphile kuhlukaniswa. Ayavumelana ku imiphakathi emikhulu - biocenoses. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi abantu ngaphakathi isimo semvelo inikezwe kuphakama izinhlobo ubudlelwano, ezifana allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, umncintiswano, trofotsenoticheskie uxhumano. Synecology etadisha ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezifakwe zemvelo, futhi iveze ngokucacile of interspecies ubudlelwano zezitshalo nezilwane of subsystems akha umphakathi onomdlandla.

Asho isimiso semvelo

Kukhona manje elisetshenziswa isayensi kwemvelo akuyona kuphela igama elithi "biogeocoenosis", kodwa futhi into efana "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo", owethulwa ngu Arthur Tansley. Womabili la magama asetshenziswa ukuze ubheke izinhlelo zemvelo futhi izingxenye zazo: fitosoobschestv futhi isilwane imiphakathi ukuthi synecology izifundo esekelwe Imibono we interconnectedness sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo bemvelo yakhe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi imigomo emibili akufanele akhiwa. Igama elithi "biogeocoenose" inikezwe V Sukachyov, athwala incazelo ezinkulu, ngokuqondene izakhiwo zemvelo nge umjikelezo we izinto namandla ageleza okwenzeka kuzo. Kodwa umqondo wegama elithi "ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo" kwandile, ikakhulukazi ezincwadini zesayensi kanye ethandwa, ngenxa ekwazi ukumelana namandla omoya yayo manje selisetshenziswa elichaza ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo begazi, ezemvelo nezibangelwa yokufakelwa.

Theory biogeocoenose V N. Sukacheva

ukubukwa Usosayensi kwamiswa bedle abavelele izazi zezinto eziphilayo Russian Dokuchaev, wahlanganyela inhlabathi isayensi Vernadsky - umsunguli mbono uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ngokuhlanganisa wokwazi Geochemistry, ka Ihlathi, geobotany V Sukachev idale isiyalo entsha - biogeocenology. Yena, kanye synecology - kwesigaba ngesimiso semvelo, etadisha ubuhlobo eziphilayo ngaphakathi biome, abe anaka amaphethini ubuhlobo interspecific kanye labantu abantu okuqondene phytoplankton futhi zoocenoses. Ngokusekelwe emibonweni usosayensi, zonke Izendlalelo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli egcwele yokuphila, lapho kukhona izinqubo interconversion biomass namandla. Bakhonza njengabashumayeli isisekelo eziwukudla.

Bahlanganisa abakhiqizi - eziphilayo Autotrophic, ikakhulukazi izitshalo. consuments Kulandelwe kokuthoma, kwesibili, ukuze okwesithathu, okuyizinto heterotrophs.

Isixhumanisi bokugcina amaketanga ukudla kukhona utilizers bonke abafileyo izinto ezivela ezintweni eziphilayo - decomposers. Lezi zihlanganisa namagciwane asenhlabathini, isikhunta saprotrophs futhi ezinye izinambuzane. Zonke izici bemvelo ezingaphili, kufakwe isimiso semvelo ezifana inhlabathi, amanzi, emkhathini, nabizelwa biotope.

Ucwaningo Izindlela synecological

Ezinsukwini zokuqala yesayensi, ososayensi sithole idatha zokuhlola ngosizo ucwaningo - lokuyoshumayela. Phakathi nekhulu le-20, izindlela ezinjalo evelele njenge ndlela umile-round ucwaningo Tracer, radiotreking. Ekhulwini lama-21, kuye kwaba wokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo ethungatha ngosizo yokufakelwa Umhlaba amasathelayithi ukuhamba isilwane imiphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eziyivulayo ayabulala ezinkulu izilwane, esinelebuli radiochipami. Sikhishwe yokuthi synecology - lokhu ngemvelo kwesigaba, study ubudlelwano phakathi inombolo enkulu yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo nomunye, abacwaningi wasebenzisa umqulusizinda futhi cybernetics. Lesi sakamuva isetshenziselwa sekulingisa futhi ukuqagela yezingxenye ezakha izimiso zemvelo.

Lokho uhlola phytosociology obusebenzayo

Izimila kukhona abahlanganyeli ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem zokuphila. Ngenxa yalokho-photosynthesis, zinikeza zonke ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ukudla, enikeza othile amandla Reserve. Synecology uhlola ubudlelwano phakathi izingxenye futhi phytocenosis imiphakathi eziphilayo heterotrophic, izinambuzane, Vegetable-futhi carnivores.

Ukwakheka floristic zezitshalo imiphakathi kakhulu biotsenozov kubenzima wabiza zinhlobo ukujula. Plant eziphilayo zemvelo amelwe ngendlela amazinga, okuyinto ebaluleke for ezihlukahlukene niches emvelweni. Ukuhlukahlukana ovundlile zezitshalo ngokuthi KaMose futhi, ngokungafani kuya Bokuhlela, kancane incike ubude emini. Kodwa ngenxa izinhlobo ubudlelwano, ezifana allelopathy futhi umncintiswano kuyinto ngqo. imiphakathi Plant ukushintsha Dynamics yabo ngenxa isigqi lomzimba kanye successions, ezifana kwamahlathi, geokataklizmy, ushisa amahlathi.

Izizathu Dynamics labantu isilwane imiphakathi

ososayensi okunjalo eyaziwa ngokuthi S. Severtsov, N. V Turkin, C. L. Elton, watadisha izinguquko inani labamemezeli imiphakathi intraspecific. Futhi Charles Hewitt owaqamba igama elithi "amagagasi wokuphila". Bona zenzeka izakhiwo zemvelo kanye izinqubo trofotsenoticheskimi ayizikhombisi ngokuhlukumeza okunamandla biotic semvelo. Isifundo ebudlelwaneni ambalwa abantu kubaluleke kakhulu okusetshenziswa izinyathelo anti-ubhubhane lwesifo ukulawula isigqi lomzimba namagundane zizalela, zisakaze izifo zoonotic, ezifana bhubhane tularemia. Synecology uhlola umthelela umsebenzi womuntu phezu zoocenoses isimo, ekunciphiseni ethile kwemiphakathi zezinyoni ezingavamile futhi ezisengcupheni, nokuncipha kwenani kwemiphakathi kwezilwane ezibalulekile kwezentengiselwano.

Izinhlobo ubudlelwano eziphilayo e-biomes

Khumbula ukuthi synecology - ngemvelo ukuthi etadisha ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa i-mutualism, umncintiswano, allelopathy. Ngokwesibonelo, e phytocenology eside babesazi amaqiniso ukungavumelani ezinye izitshalo nomunye: omnyama ziyadliwa likhipha enobuthi i pome futhi izithelo stone izihlahla izidakamizwa kuvimbela ukukhula kwabo futhi fruiting, futhi kuholela kokufa izitshalo.

Mutualism - uhlobo nokuhlalisana kwenani zinhlobo ezahlukene, okuyindawo eziphilayo athola izinzuzo mutual (i-crab unkom 'idlayodwa futhi Anemone ulwandle, flagellates ezihlala emathunjini izinambuzane futhi ubasize zigaya i-cellulose).

Amandla exchange ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Biogeocoenoses akha igobolondo ophilayo Zomhlaba, ukuguqulwa Kwenziwa njengoba biomass namandla, futhi izinhlelo evulekile. Lezi izinhlelo ongokwemvelo udinga kwakuzothutheleka amandla okukhanya. Phototrophs ukusetshenziswa kwalo ngenxa yokuqaphela izinto eziningi eziphilayo, i-molecule ATP futhi ₂ NADFhN. Synecology - isayensi etadisha ukuguqulwa mutual biomass namandla.

Sinenkosi umbono mbhoshongo imvelo supply yayo chain. Dynamics of amandla kusuka aphansi ezingeni trophic ukuze ulalela ephakeme imithetho jikelele physics, ngaphezu kwalokho, umehluko phakathi amazinga amandla nekhono eduze kufana 10-20%, kanti amandla esisele kwashabalala njengoba ukushisa. Kuleli phephandaba sibheka kwesigaba ngemvelo - synecology, futhi wathola izindlela zocwaningo yayo, futhi ukubaluleka esisekela ukuphila ngenxa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.