Amagesi Real: ukuphambuka kusuka ideality

Igama elithi "amagesi real" phakathi osokhemisi zesayensi ngokuthi amagesi izakhiwo ezinjalo okuyinto encike ngqo ekusebenzisaneni yabo aphakathi. Nakuba yimuphi lwemibhalo ezikhethekile ingafundwa ukuthi omunye imvukuzane zezinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile futhi isimo engaguquki usesikhundleni ivolumu cishe 22,41108 amalitha. Lesi sitatimende kuyiqiniso kuphela okuthiwa gases "enhle" okuyiwona, ngokuvumelana Clapeyron equation, akenzi osikweni sisakhangana futhi umuzwa wokwenyanya yezinhlayiya, futhi umthamo elalihlala wesibili negligibly encane.

Yiqiniso, lezi zinto abekho, ngakho zonke lezi zimpikiswano futhi izibalo orientation luyingxenye theory. Kodwa amagesi yangempela, okuyizinto ukuze abanye bechezuka ngokwezinga emithethweni ekahle ziyinsakavukela kakhulu. Phakathi amangqamuzana yalezi izinto zihlale amandla samanje sisakhangana, okusho ukuthi ivolumu yabo kuhlukile kancane kusukela esephetha isibonelo esiphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke amagesi yangempela babe ntshashintshe sokusuka kusukela ideality.

Kodwa nakhu kuyofikwa ukuthambekela ecacile ngokuphelele: ayanda ukuvala abacaphuni imfuyo esondele ku-zero degrees centigrade, kulapho enkompolo kuzohluka kusukela isibonelo esiphelele. I kwesibalo zombuso yamagesi yangempela eyayithengwe physics Dutch Johannes Diederik van der Waals amabutho, bona ahoxisiwe 1873. Kulesi ifomula, esesikhundleni ifomu (p + n ² / V ²⁾ (V - nb) = nRT , iqondiswa izichibiyelo ezimbili ezinkulu kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa Clapeyron kwesibalo (PV = nRT), kunqunywa Ucwaningo. Eyokuqala uyakucabangela amabutho nokuxhumana yamangqamuzana, okuyinto asithinti nje kuphela uhlobo igesi, kodwa futhi umthamo yayo, ukuminyana futhi ingcindezi. Iseluleko yesibili kunqunywa isisindo yamangqamuzana ketshezi.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu indima izinguquko ukuthola idatha wegazi ophezulu igesi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-nitrogen at 80 eziphindwe okungekho. izibalo kuzohluka kusukela ekahle ngo-yamaphesenti ayisihlanu, kuyilapho ukwanda ingcindezi ukuze eziphindwe ezine umehluko okwavunyelwana amaphesenti ayikhulu. Lokho kusho ukuthi imithetho imodeli enhle igesi awukulinganisela. Derogation kuzo kokubili ambalwa kanye qualitative. Eyokuqala kuzibonakalisa yokuthi ezothando Clapeyron libaphatheleni bonke gaseous yangempela cishe kakhulu. Retreat kuyinto qualitative ijule ngokungaphezulu.

amagesi Real kungenzeka kahle aguqulwe liquid okuqinile isimo wokuhlanganisa, okuyinto ebesingenakuzenza ukunamathela kwabo okuqinile kuya Clapeyron equation. amabutho aphakathi ayisukumele izinto kuholela ekwakhekeni compounds yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene. Lokhu futhi ayikwazi ukuba lo theory ekahle uhlelo igesi. I ukuxhumana ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka ngokuthi izikhali zamakhemikhali noma Valence. Esimeni lapho real gas ionized, okuphakathi ziqala ukuvela Coulomb Luhambo amabutho ukuthi ukucacisa ukuziphatha, isib, a-plasma, okuyinto zinhlobo athi kokungathathi hlangothi ionic. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu uma siqhathanisa iqiniso lokuthi plasma physics namuhla inkulu, ithuthuka ngokushesha isiyalo yesayensi, has isicelo ebanzi kakhulu isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini, imfundiso yokuziphendukela amasignali omsakazo igagasi, futhi inkinga elawulwa yenuzi Fusion ukusabela.

izibopho Chemical wamagesi yangempela ngokwemvelo yabo musa zehluke amandla asemangqamuzaneni. Labo nezinye kakhulu encishisiwe ekuhlobaneni kagesi phakathi amacala athomu, zonke zazo zakhiwa isakhiwo atomic yamangqamuzana ketshezi. Nokho, ukuqonda ephelele amandla asemangqamuzaneni namakhemikhali kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ukuvela of quantum Mechanics.

Kufanele sivume ukuthi akuzona zonke isimo ndaba ukuthi iyahambisana ezothando we-physics Dutch, ezingase zithathwe practice. Lokhu kudinga futhi into azinze thermodynamic. Esinye sezimo ezibalulekile ukuzinza ejenti liwukuthi isothermal ingcindezi kwesibalo kumele ngokuqinile waphawula ukuthambekela ukwehlisa umzimba Imininingwane. Ngamanye amazwi, nge okwandisa amanani V zonke isotherms we igesi langempela awe kancane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ishadi isothermal UVan der Waals amabutho ngezansi ezibucayi lokushisa izinga izingxenye ekuphumeni kuyagcinwa. Amaphuzu e ala maqembu zivumelana isimo engazinzile we ketshezi, okuyinto in umkhuba ayikwazi igcwaliseke.