Plasma physics. Kubaluleka Plasma Physics

Izikhathi lapho i-plasma ezihambisana nathi ngento ngiyaphupha, engaqondakali, kumnandi, kuthiwa kade laphela. Namuhla lo mqondo kabanzi. I-plasma obusetshenziswa embonini. Ambitious iningi elisetshenziswa ukukhanyisa ubuchwepheshe. Isibonelo - izibani igesi ocucuzayo, ukhanyisa emgwaqweni. Kodwa izibani Fluorescent likhona. Kuyinto futhi Welding kagesi. Ngemva Welding arc - iyona plasma eyenziwe ithoshi plasma. Omunye kungaba zilandise ezinye izibonelo eziningi.

Plasma Physics - kuyinto igatsha ebalulekile isayensi. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba baqonde imiqondo eyisisekelo ehlobene naso. Lona sizoxoxa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Incazelo kanye nezinhlobo plasma

Yini kuyinto plasma? Ukunqunywa physics kunikezwa acace impela. Plasma ibizwa ngokuthi isimo impahla lapho yokugcina has a abalulekile (sokuboshwa lonke inani izinhlayiya), inani izinhlayiya icala (yenethiwekhi) uyakwazi ucishe khulula ukuhambisa ngaphakathi ketshezi. Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo eyinhloko-plasma-physics. Uma abathwali basonta izinhlayiya ngohlobo olulodwa (futhi sophawu okuphambene kwenkokhiso izinhlayiya, ukululaza uhlelo musa ikwazi ukuhamba ngenkululeko), ubizwa ngokuthi ingxenye eyodwa. Endabeni okuphambene ngayo - ezimbili noma multicomponent.

plasma Izici

Ngakho, siyobe ukuchaza kafushane nomqondo plasma. Physics - i isayensi ngqo, ngakho ngaphandle hhayi izincazelo ongakwenza. Manje niyikhulume izici eziyinhloko lokhu isimo ndaba.

izakhiwo plasma kulezi physics. Okokuqala, kulesi sifundazwe ngaphansi isenzo amabutho kagesi kakade ezincane kukhona ukuhamba izimoto - wamanje eliya ngendlela futhi nje la mabutho ngeke zinyamalale ngenxa ukuhlolwa imithombo yabo. Ngakho-ke, i-plasma ekugcineni uya kwisimo lapho athi hlangothi. Ngamanye amazwi, umthamo yayo, inqwaba ezincane, babe zero kwenkokhelo. Isici se-plasma yesibili okuhlobene uhlobo eside uhla Coulomb namabutho Ampere sika. Siqukethe e yokuthi ukuhamba kulesi sifundazwe, njengoba umthetho, yiba umlingisi collective, ezihilela inqwaba izinhlayiya icala. Lawa izindawo eziyisisekelo plasma physics. Batawuba naye esihlalweni ewusizo ukukhumbula.

Zombili lezi zici kuholele yokuthi plasma physics ocebile kokuvamile futhi ezihlukahlukene. Ukubonakaliswa yesiteleka kakhulu kuba kalula nesenzakalo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba Ukuntengantenga. Ziyakwazi ezinkulu ukuze ngokoqobo-plasma. Physics - isayensi njalo elokhu ivela. Ngakho-ke, kunethemba lokuthi ngesikhathi lezi zingqinamba kuyoqedwa.

I-plasma e uketshezi

Waphenduka wabheka la isibonelo esikhethekile isakhiwo, siqala ngokucabangela plasma subsystems endabeni olujiyile. uketshezi engeziwe kufanele ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi izinsimbi liquid - isibonelo, okuhambelana-plasma subsystem - olulodwa ingxenye yenethiwekhi plasma-electron. ngqó, impendulo ingu sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo isigaba kufanele ichasiselwe, kanye electrolyte uketshezi, kukhona abathwali - ion kokubili izimpawu. Nokho, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, electrolyte ezakho kulesi sigaba. Omunye wabo liqukethe yokuthi esikhathini electrolyte kungekho ukukhanya, ezihambayo abathwali ezifana electron. Ngakho-ke, i-plasma izakhiwo ezishiwo ngenhla uzwakalise abe buthaka kakhulu.

Plasma zinhlayiya

I-plasma e zinhlayiya unegama ekhethekile - okuqinile-state-plasma. Ngo zinhlayiya ionic, nakuba kukhona amacala, kodwa zisatholakala. Ngakho-ke, akukho-plasma. Ngo izinsimbi - kukhona electron conductivity akha lesi-plasma omunye-ngxenye. icala wakhe incephezeliswa icala esinqunyiwe (ngokunembile, azikwazi ukuhamba ibanga elide) ion.

I-plasma e Semiconductors

Uma ucabangela eziyisisekelo zokubala emkhakheni we-plasma-physics, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi Semiconductors isimo wehlukile. Kafushane elichaza ke. OCP lezi izinto kungenzeka uma ufaka nabo ukungcola efanele. Uma okuphothula banikele kalula electron (abanikeli), khona-ke kukhona n-uhlobo abathwali - electron. Uma okuphothula, ngokuphambene, ama-electron eqoqwe kalula (acceptors), khona-ke kukhona p-uhlobo abathwali - izimbobo (izikhala ezingenalutho ekusakazeni electron), okuyinto sokuziphatha njengomncane izinhlayiya nenkokhiso omuhle. Kumiswa plasma ezimbili ingxenye by electron futhi izimbobo kwenzeka Semiconductors indlela ngisho lula. Ngokwesibonelo, kuziwa ngaphansi isenzo ukukhanya ukudonsa, bangiphonsa electron kusukela band Valence kuya band conduction. Qaphela ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ama-electron kanye izimbobo bakhangwa nomunye, bangase bafinyelele esimeni eboshiwe, afana athomu ye-hydrogen, - i exciton, futhi uma umfutho futha kwabantu excitons likhulu, ihlanganisa ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane Iconsi electron-imbobo ketshezi. Ngezinye izikhathi lesi sifo kubhekwe isimo esisha ndaba.

igesi ionization

Lezi zibonelo ubheke izimo ezithile isimo plasma bese plasma ngefomu okumsulwa ibizwa ngokuthi igesi ionized. Ngu ionization yayo kungabangela izici eziningi: emkhakheni kagesi (ukudedelwa igesi, isiphepho), yokucucuza elikhanyayo (photoionization), kuyizinhlayiyana okusheshayo (emisebeni emithonjeni enemisebe, imisebe cosmic, okuye wavuleka, unyuka degree of ionization yokuphakama). Nokho, isici esiyinhloko Ukushisa igesi (ionization ezishisayo). Kulokhu, ukwehlukana electron kusukela imikhondo athomu nqwamana nezinye igesi izinhlayiya yokugcina kokuba amandla anele kinetic ngenxa lokushisa eliphezulu.

High-izinga lokushisa kanye ongaphakeme-lokushisa-plasma

Low-lokushisa-plasma physics - nokuthile ababengambeka thina mbeni nsuku zonke. Izibonelo izimo ezinjalo kungenzeka ibe ilangabi, izidakamizwa e ukudedelwa igesi nombani, izinhlobo ezahlukene abandayo plasma isikhala (ionosphere namaplanethi Magnetosphere nezinkanyezi), izidakamizwa usebenza amadivaysi ahlukahlukene lobuchwepheshe (MHD ugesi, plasma izinjini, izitofu, nokunye. N.) . Izibonelo plasma esishisayo - (. Tokamak, kudivayisi laser, futhi uvumelanise apharathasi al) inkanyezi impahla kuzo zonke izigaba kwemvelo, ngaphandle okusuka ebunganeni nokuguga, uketshezi usebenza izinhlelo elawulwa Fusion zenuzi.

isimo Kwesine ndaba

Kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, izazi zesayensi eziningi bamakhemikhali babekholelwa ukuthi ndaba siqukethe ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Ayavumelana lihambisana noma disordered kakhulu noma ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi-odile. Kukholakala ukuthi kukhona izigaba ezintathu - gaseous, liquid okuqinile. Izinto luwathathe ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo zangaphandle.

Nokho, Okwamanje, singasho ukuthi kukhona 4 zithi ndaba. Lokho-plasma kungenziwa ithathwa njengendlela entsha, wesine. umehluko yayo kusukela wafingqa (okuqinile kanye nama-liquid) uthi liqukethe yokuthi, njengoba igesi akanalo nje kuyaqina phuca, kodwa futhi fixed ivolumu siqu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, enibaziyo plasma wafingqa khona isimo iDemo ububanzi ukuze, isb. E. ukuhlanganisa izikhundla kanye nokwakheka izinhlayiya nge engumakhelwane plasma kwenkokhelo. Kulokhu, ukuhlanganisa esinjalo eyenziwe amabutho aphakathi futhi Coulomb: icala odlulela kude igama elifanayo naye bese idonsa amacala ngokungafani.

plasma physics ukuthi sixoxe kafushane sibuyekezwe. Lesi sihloko ngempela ezisindayo, ukuze sikwazi kuphela ukhuluma ngalokho thina bathole izisekelo zalo. plasma-physics, ngokuqinisekile okudingeka siwuphendule olwengeziwe.