Isimiso niche: amamodeli izimiso

Ezemvelo kufanele ubhekane izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, kusukela cyanobacteria ukuze izindlovu. Kusobala ukuthi imvelo ngesikhathi esifanayo kungenzeka kahle ibe khona ehlukile. zokutadisha futhi ehlukile. Kungenzeka kanjani ukuhlola okunjalo izenzakalo zawo ziqhelelene kangaka? Kungenzeka yini ukuba umuntu abone amaphethini ngakho? Yebo, kukhona mishini ekhethekile yesayensi, kusekelwe umqondo wegama elithi "niche semvelo." Noma nini lapho kuxoxwa umkhakha wesayensi ekubhekaneni lo mqondo. Ngakho, sibheka ukuthi kuyini.

Igama elithi kwahlongozwa kudala, esikhathini 20s kwekhulu lama-20. Wafika up kwaba umelele isizwe esisebenzayo - American John Grinell. Ngo ukuqonda kwakhe "niche imvelo" - lawa nemibandela olwenzeka endaweni evamile kohlobo. Kodwa uCharles Alton, kungumuntu waseBrithani ongazazi izindlela, uklame ke, ecacisa ezahlukene. Wathi niche - ubuhlobo ukudla kanye ubuhlobo izitha zemvelo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela ezimbili ezahlukene yencazelo. Esimweni sokuqala, ibhekisela "Ikheli" (lapho uhlala), okwesibili - "umsebenzi" (lokho ayekwenza emphakathini). Kodwa izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene kungase engenawo umsebenzi ofanayo emiphakathini ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Russia ezinkulu herbivorous - amaphiva, Afrika - izinyamazane, Australia - kangaroo.

BaseMelika Bezingekho inchazelo ezinjalo ezibanzi "niche semvelo." Ngakho-ke, in the 50s usosayensi kusukela ukuthi State, Dzhordzh Hatchinson, idale imodeli multi-ntathu. Igama elithi, wasikisela ukuba sicabangele uhla eligcwele yizici zemvelo, lapho okwenzeka khona imiphumela ukubukeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhathi eside. Futhi njalo ngesikhathi izinhlobo ezifanayo. Thatha isibonelo zezimila. Ake sithi siyazi ukuthi kukhona yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi lokushisa imikhawulo kuyona zinhlobo enikeziwe uphile futhi beneme. Lezi idatha kungenziwa umelwe Ukudidiyela uhlelo lapho omunye izimbazo kungenziwa lihlehliselwe lokushisa. A-eksisi yesibili umswakama nantathu, isibonelo, inani izakhi. Ngenxa yalokho, lo msebenzi uzodla kuyoba Umumo ngakuthathu, ezifana amabhokisi.

Hutchinson ngokusebenzisa le imodeli niches kuqhathaniswa zinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Cabanga ezimbalwa la mabhokisi emkhathini. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ukubonisa ezinye ubudlelwano kwezilwane emkhathini futhi umncintiswano ukudla. Animal ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinkomba ezilandelayo kwi-eksisi: i-Spatial ilungiselelo, ukudla seasonality.

Ezinye izinhlobo omnivorous futhi kohlala ezindaweni ezahlukene, futhi abanye basebenzisa ukudla okuyisidina futhi ziphile ezimweni ngokuqinile echaziwe. Izinketho ukudla okuningi, ikakhulukazi kulapho "niche ububanzi" bathi kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-koala uthanda kuphela amaqabunga zikagamthilini (ngisho ke akuzona zonke izinhlobo zayo), kanye opossums angadla cishe noma yini. Ingabe okuhle lapho ububanzi niche emvelweni? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yebo, ngoba ikuvumela lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwendawo ezungezile. Kodwa uma imvelo uzinzile, isimo ngconywana ukujova eyodwa uhlobo zinhlobo zokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihlukahlukene uthando ngokuvamile ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza ukudla esingaphansi "Ochwepheshe elincane '.

Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi nge niches efanayo kufanele ukuncintisana ngolaka sokudla. Ngakho-ke, cishe akukho zinhlobo ezimbili niches efanayo komunye umphakathi indawo alukho, omunye nakanjani esikhundleni sesibili. Kuye kwatholakala Ucwaningo ukuze ososayensi abavela eRussia, Gause. It kuvela ukuthi ezidla uhlaza umphakathi indawo adle izitshalo ezahlukene. A izilwane ezidla ezinye ezahlukene - zisizakala ngezinyamazane akuzona izinhlobo efanayo izisulu.

niche kuyendlulela njalo, kodwa ukudla eziphilayo kufanele ibe khona ehlukile. Yiqiniso, i-ukusebenza evamile emphakathini niche ezicini ezithile kumele idlulela, kodwa kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi kube indawo eguquguqukayo, kungenjalo ingqondo cishe akunakwenzeka ukusinda.

niche Human emvelweni - yakhula kakhulu futhi olubanzi. Udinga anakekele leso eduze nathi wayebuye isikhala sokuba khona yezinye izinhlobo. Nature akakubekezeleli ukunganakwa.