Braille kulabo abayizimpumputhe. Kanjani ukufunda nokubhala nge-Braille

Ubuphofu - isimo ukuthi kwenzeka uma ukulahlekelwa okuphelele umbono emehlweni ezimbili. Umuntu uyayeka ukuzizwa ukukhanya okuthile ukubona. Isimo esifanayo kungabangela ukulahlekelwa ikhono uzulazule imvelo (ubumpumputhe yasendlini) nokungakwazi ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo ngosizo ezihlukahlukene kumadivayisi optical (professional).

izizathu

Ukwephulwa noma ukulahleka umbono kungadalwa izinto ezahlukene. Imiphumela izifo noma intrauterine kombungu zisenza sibe ubumpumputhe azalwa nako. Vision ukulahlekelwa esizithinta ngayo izingane eminyakeni amadala kweshumi ubudala futhi abadala abaye efinyelela eminyakeni yobudala, anamanci mahlanu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umntwana noma sesivele ubumpumputhe esingokwemvelo, noma-ke ozuza ngenxa yesifo noma ukulimala emehlweni. Abantu ubudala ovuthiwe thathaza phumputheka ngenxa isifo semithambo noma ukubukeka glaucoma. Kulo mBhalo, i-corneal ukufakelwa ukuhlinzwa kungaba lula ukubuya umbono.

kwabantu abanokukhubazeka

Naphezu kokulinganiselwa okungokwenyama, abayizimpumputhe eRussia nethuba ukuyibhala ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene. umsebenzi wabo ukwenza ngaphandle umphakathi wezimpumputhe, ephinde lucwaningo umsebenzi ukwenza izinhlangano zamasiko nezombusazwe-zemfundo phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekile. Centres kokubusa kwayo eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha amakhulu. izincwadi Special nge-Braille a flat-uphawu izinhlamvu ukunikeza abantu abayizimpumputhe ithuba lokufunda ukufunda, ukubhala, futhi uprinte.

inqubo Ukufundisa

ERussia, kuba ukuqeqeshwa oyisibopho izingane abayizimpumputhe futhi ongaboni kahle. abafundi School ukuthatha ukungaboni ka 0.05 ukuze 0.2. Ukuze ukufundisa izingane kwalesi sigaba esetshenziswa khulu namanye amacebo ukuthuthukisa umbono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifonti ukusetshenziswa ne izincwadi ezinkulu. izikole ezikhethekile ukuthatha izingane yimpumputhe futhi umbono ukuze 0.05. Ezemfundo sisebenzisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene futhi tibonwa okuqhamile ngokuzwa bese uthinta. Amalabhrari izimpumputhe babe umsindo evamile nokushicilelwa, Braille ekhethekile. I -Russian State Library for the Blind (kwekulu ezweni lethu ukusungulwa lolu hlobo) inikeza izinzuzo ezikhethekile. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, hhayi kuphela izincwadi ezishiwo ngenhla, kodwa futhi iqoqo elikhulu impumuzo omningi onobuhle, evumela abantu ngombono ukulahlekelwa ufunde lezinto ezihlukeneko, futhi uyayizwa.

Ukusetshenziswa zobuchwepheshe ikhompyutha

Esikhundleni sokuba esikhundleni mikhondo kukhona audiobooks. Zingasetshenziswa ukulalela okuzobe kudlalelwa (s zikhawu, ezigabeni) bese lidlala umdlali digital. Ingxenye efezwa lezi zisebenzi zokuzithandela, futhi ukuthi amasayithi ekhethekile ukudala audiobooks, khulula ukulalela kanye nokusabalalisa. Ikhishwa futhi ithuthukiswe amadivayisi ahlukahlukene ukuthi esikhundleni iso. Visual-imodeli esikhundleni apharathasi (okusalungiswa "umbono Okuthintekayo") is a new nokuphathelene wekhodi izindlela bese bedlulisela lesi isignali. Publications, okuyinto Braille isetshenziswa (Russian), ikhibhodi ukubonisa, ukusiza abantu abanokukhubazeka ukusebenza imibhalo, ukudala nokuhlela kubo. inkulumo Special ngesisekelo uhlelo generator, lapho ulwazi ingafundwa kusuka esikrinini, zinegalelo ezinkulu ekuphileni egcwele abantu abayizimpumputhe.

-braille

Lena indlela ekhethekile wokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala kulabo abayizimpumputhe. Lwakhiwe ngo-1824. EngumFulentshi Lui Brayl (fr. Louis Braill), indodana ka-wezicathulo, ngesikhathi ngineminyaka emithathu ubudala walahlekelwa emehlweni akhe ngenxa ukuvuvukala ngemva kwalimala iso ngosungulo. Ngezinye nanhlanu, yena kudala sokulandela indlela nokufundwa izincwadi. Ngemva kwalokho, yaqanjwa igama umdali.

-braille Ifonti abangaboni ngaxabana ukuba uphawu umugqa uhlobo izinhlamvu uValentina Gayui. Ngokwakha umfana babegwedla "ubusuku Indlela" lakhiwa induna wezikhali Sharlem Barbe (fr. Charles Barbier) ukufunda imibiko ezempi ebumnyameni. Ububi uhlelo Barbier kwaba izimpawu likhulu kakhulu, zinciphise isibalo zezinhlamvu kubo ekhasini. Ukusebenzisa ukuphrinta Braille, abayizimpumputhe bafunde ukufunda nokubhala. Le ndlela kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono yohlelo, izimpawu zokukhuluma, isipelingi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusetshenziswa le ndlela, izimpumputhe noma ongaboni kahle ungahlangana amashadi kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi imidwebo.

isakhiwo

Uyini-braille? is uphawu futhi ufunda kanjani? Izinhlamvu zeBraille ivezwa ngamaphuzu ayisithupha emdlalweni sokuhlukanisa ncamashi amakholomu amabili. Umbhalo zifundwa kusukela ngakwesokudla kuya ngakwesobunxele, futhi wayeya kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla ekhasini elilandelayo. Nokho, kukhona eyinkimbinkimbi ezithile kulo mbono yale wefonti. It itholakala lokuthi ukuthi umbhalo ofundiwe ekhasini ngemuva protuberances komaka Ngakolunye uhlangothi punctured. Amaphuzu abalwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi okuthunyelwe nokufunda lokuqala ngakwesokudla, khona-ke ohlangothini lwesobunxele. Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu? Ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla - lokuthola iphuzu 1. Ngaphansi kuba 2. ekhoneni engezansi kwesokudla kwesokunxele phezulu kuthatha 3 - 4 esihlalweni isikhundla ke ezansi - 5, futhi elingezansi kwesokunxele - 6.

Ezinye tiflopedagogi okunikelwe ushintshashintsha 1 no-3, kodwa isiphakamiso awuzange asekelwe. Kamuva, edlulisela-braille (isiRashiya, ikakhulukazi) ingezwe ku-3 no-7 ngaphansi 6. Cell 8 ngaphandle wokubhoboza - iwuphawu ethize. Ngokujwayelekile kunezinhlobo baphila ngokuvumelana nemithetho usayizi amaphuzu kanye amabanga phakathi kwawo amakholomu. I ukuphakama okungenani ezingeni ukwanele ukuqashelwa - 0.5 mm. 2.5 - iyona isikhawu phakathi punctures; 3,75 mm yonkana, 5 mm thwi - kuyinto ibanga phakathi amaseli. Lesi sakhiwo ivumela izimpumputhe ngokushesha futhi kalula kahle amakhono ukufunda, siqaphela kalula izimpawu uma uyithinta.

amashidi ephrintiwe imibhalo Braille babe ngetakhiwo letehlukene. Kodwa lukaKhisimusi Russia ubhekwa ishidi, ehlanganisa imigqa amabili nanhlanu ka izinhlamvu amathathu amathathu nambili ngalinye lizoqhuba isamba amabili nantathu ukuze isentimitha abo ngamashumi omathathu anamnye. Kubantu abanalesi umbono ukulahlekelwa Braille Braille - indlela kuphela eyenza umuntu bangafunda ukufunda nokubhala. Ngalezi amakhono, abantu abakhubazekile hhayi kuphela bakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye ezimele, kodwa futhi nethuba uthole umsebenzi.

Kanjani uhlelo isetshenziswa?

Braille kuhlanganisa 63 uhlamvu ulwazi futhi isikhala (imizuzu 64). uhlelo enwetshiwe linezinhlamvu 255. Kuyo, njengasezinsukwini evamile, njengoba igebe elikhona. Njengoba inani eliphelele inhlanganisela ezahlukene amaphuzu lilinganiselwe, izimpawu ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Zakhiwa izimpawu eziningana ukuthi ngamunye abe umsebenzi wabo siqu. izinhlamvu engeziwe lingasetshenziswa (amadijithi, osonhlamvukazi kanye ezincane ye zolimi). eyingqopha ngamunye ngokuhlanganisa amagugu eziningana isici, inani okungase ukundlula kweshumi.

Braille lisetshenzisiwe iphepha esebenzisa izinto ezikhethekile ebhaliwe - ithuluzi akhethekile ipensela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, noma yiziphi izinguquko ekucushweni, ukwabiwa, isayizi, simo izinhlamvu kungenzeka. Ezamukelwe ukunikeza izinhlamvu ngezibonakaliso ekhethekile. Basuke ibekwe phambi izinhlamvu yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi-case. Uma kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene amafonti, Lezi zibonakaliso ziyakubalandela ibekwe phambi futhi emva kokunikeza amagama noma izingxenye imisho. impande Mathematical, lo engenhla nengezansi uphawu Inkomba ivelele nhlangothi zombili. Ukwakha umbhalo noma ingxenye italicized, ibekwe phakathi uphawu olukhethekile - tags okunemibandela. Lapha singase siphawule ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye html uhlelo. Iphinde iyosebenza tags.

izici lwetakhi telulwimi

Braille has izici isici ngokuya Yakha yayo. Zakhiwa ekushintsheni ezithile imitsetfo yeluhlelo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu oyimpumputhe ubani oke wafunda ukubhala ngokusebenzisa lesi simiso ( "brailist"), kuzokuvumela amaphutha athile ngenkathi usebenza kuma-njalo, hhayi aguqulelwe ikhompyutha ekhubazekile. Braille lihlukile ezivamile by izinkomba ezilandelayo:

- incwadi capital indiva;

- emva ukhefana futhi umkhathi ngaphambi dash ungacimi;

- akukho igebe ehlukanisa uphawu inombolo nenombolo;

- omunye kanye notation efanayo isetshenziselwa izinhlamvu ezifanayo (i-dash kanye ikhonco - kuphela uphawu uhlelo tiphumuti).

ukwenza amaphutha amabi kangaka lwetakhi telulwimi kuyinsakavukela ngokubhala Braille. Abantu abangaboni uyogwema kubo, kuze emva ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile olwengeziwe.

Inani uhlelo

Ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela ezahlukene amaphuzu kuseli eyodwa ukhiqiza-braille incwadi ngezinhlamvu, izinombolo, izimpawu zomculo. Amagama kohlelo babevame ukubhala emagama angaphandle kanye izincwadi, ikhompyutha kanye nezimpawu zezibalo, zibalo. Braille - izindlela ezisebenzayo ukwakha amakhono lolimi, izimpawu zokubhala, isipelingi kubantu abayizimpumputhe. Futhi lesi simiso ilula futhi uchaza amagrafu etholakalayo namashadi achaza ngamazwi nzima kakhulu.

inzuzo

Njengoba yingcweti Braille, ingane izimpumputhe ungaqala ukuthola nokusebenza kukhompyutha nge isibonisi ekhethekile ne-printer ekhethekile. Umbhalo ufundeka kanje forefinger eyodwa noma zombili izandla. Lizwakale touch, washeshe waqonda sibonga lightness kanye compactness abalingiswa. Leli bhukwana lenzelwe ukuba bafundise abantu ababonayo uhlelo-braille ekhaya. Lokhu kuyokunika ithuba ukwakha ukuxhumana namalungu omndeni unseeing zibhale inothi noma shiya inombolo yocingo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi abantu ababonayo bafunde ukufunda lokho ubhalele kwelinye eyayiqeqeshelwe Braille. It uzokwazi ukuxhumana ngaphandle kwaloba abanye. Lo mhlahlandlela ongaphumelela zisebenzisa othisha besikole kanye nodokotela.

Indlela kufunwe

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-Braille ethintekayo wasungula indlela ukufunda abantu abayizimpumputhe futhi ongaboni kahle. Lomgomo yokuthola ulwazi esekelwe iqoqo izimpawu eziyisithupha (cell). Basuke ahlelwe ezimbili imigqa izinhlamvu ezintathu. I amaphuzu ngeluhlelo lolwehlukile ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni, yakha iyunithi semantic. Izimpawu ulandele ngeluhlelo lolutsite: kwesokunxele 1, 2, 3 kusukela phezulu phansi, futhi ikholomu elilodwa kwesokudla - 4, 5, 6.

1 * 4 *

2 * 5 *

3 * 6 *

Ngakho, empeleni, kwakhiwa braille. Kanjani ukuze ufunde le ndlela?

ubuchwepheshe

kudivayisi Braille ipensela, umshini wokubhala - lawa amathuluzi asetshenziswayo kokwethula izinhlamvu kulabo abayizimpumputhe. Iphepha, ebiyelwe phakathi metal noma amapuleti plastic izesekeli ezimbili, ska kubo. Ingxenye engenhla has uchungechunge amawindi elingunxande, futhi phansi - elihambisana iwindi ngamunye indentation. I ipuleti cell iyafana iseli braille. Kumiswa sibonakaliso ingcindezi of abaholayo ephepheni. Kude in the ipuleti phansi ngenkathi ecindezela ukunikeza izimpawu ezithile. Okufakiwe kunyatheliswa kusuka kwesokudla kuya kwesokunxele, ngoba umbhalo ukudlala ngakolunye uhlangothi ishidi. Ikholomu ngezinombolo 1, 2, 3 elise ohlangothini lwesokudla, futhi 4, 5, 6 - ukusuka kwesokunxele. typewriter Braille siqukethe okhiye eziyisithupha. Bona zivumelana 6 amaphuzu kuseli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezweni namuhla elibizwa typewriter kushaft isibambo lomugqa okuphakelayo, kanye "ukufulathela" futhi "elingenalutho". Amakhi kwakhiwa ngawo Uhlamvu, icindezelwa kanyekanye. Ngakho, incwadi ngayinye oluhambisana ukuphokophela.

Kusukela "isikhala" ngakwesokudla bese lwesokunxele izinkinobho ezintathu. Cabanga indlela ngokucindezela. Umunwe Inkomba isandla sobunxele kufanele ucindezele inkinobho eduze "isikhala". It is a iphuzu udinga ukuba 1. Cindezela inkinobho ngakwesokunxele. Umunwe phakathi isandla efanayo baphathe uphawu iphuzu 2. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ucindezela ikhi. Kufanele kube ngemva kwalowo sifana iphuzu 1. Nameless ecindezelwe ukhiye zokugcina. It sifana iphuzu 3. iminwe yesandla sakhe sokunene ngokuchofoza ohlangothini okuphambene ukhiye. Okokuqala, thola indawo ngqo eduze "isikhala", kulingana iphuzu 4. Ngesikhathi Inkomba yakhe ngomunwe agxishiwe. Okulandelayo - oluhambisana ukhombe 5. Kufanele ucindezela umunwe phakathi. ukhiye Kugcine sifana iphuzu 6. Chofoza ngendandatho yakhe ngomunwe. Ngakho, kokubili izandla waxhumana tracings. "Isikhala" ibekwe isithupha. umbhalo uyithayiphe ingafundwa ngaphandle turning ephepheni.

isiphetho

Ukuba yingcweti uhlelo Braille kuzodinga umzamo. Mark engaqondile zilethwe endaweni engafanele Ungashintsha kwamadijithi inombolo yocingo, isibonelo. Kodwa amabutho esichithwa ifonti sesifundo somuntu abayizimpumputhe, ngeke ube yize. Into esemqoka - ukuze usethe umgomo futhi silwele ukuze bathole imiphumela emihle.