Izinhlobo eziyisisekelo zokunyakaza kwendaba

Amafomu okunyuka kwezindaba yikhono lezinto ezibonakalayo ukuhambisa isikhala nesikhathi. Umqondo walokho "wendaba" ubonakala njengobuningi bomzimba obukhona obunempahla elandelayo:

1. Lokhu izinto.
2. Umzimba, osuke ube nemingcele ehlukene: ubukhulu, ubude, indawo endaweni ethile.

Kukhona enye incazelo yendaba. Kusukela ekubukeni kwefilosofi-izinto ezibonakalayo, kuyinto ephethe izinhlobo ezimbili zokungokoqobo: umgomo, ukuveza ukuqala, nokuziphendulela.

Umbono ohlukile womqondo wendaba

Umqondo "wendaba" kukhulunywa okokuqala eGrisi Yamandulo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakusho konke okuphilayo nokukhona emhlabeni, lokhu kwakuyisisekelo sokuzalwa kokuphila emhlabeni. I-Leucippus ne-Democritus yilabo ososayensi bokuqala abafake le ncazelo.

Ezikhathini Eziphakathi isihloko: "Okubalulekile, izinhlobo zokuhamba nokuphila kwayo" kwaxoxwa kakhulu ngenkuthalo. Ososayensi abakhulu kunazo zonke kanye nabafilosofi baveza imibono yabo kulokhu, bakha amaphuzu futhi banikeza izingxabano ekuvikeleni umbono wabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uThomas Hobbes wacabanga ukuthi indaba iyinto "eyesibili." Ngaphansi kwalo, yena, wayesho isisekelo sezinto zonke zohlobo oluthile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uThomas Hobbes kwakungekho mqondo "wezindaba zokuqala", ngoba ngaphansi kwawo waqonda ukungabi nhlobo kwefomu esikhaleni nasesikhathini. Nakhu kulokho akubhala encwadini yakhe yesayensi: "Le ndaba ngaphandle kohlobo uhlobo lomqondo womzimba, kubonakala ekuhambeni kwethu kwengqondo kuyo yonke imiqondo engokwenyama engafaki inombolo nesikhathi."

Uthisha odumile waseNgilandi uJohn Locke ukhulume ngemfundiso yakhe. Ekuqondeni kwakhe, indaba iyinhlangano enwetshiwe enabantu abaningi. Ngokusho kukaLikeke, umphumela wemibono yethu ukuthi akukho mqondo noma umuzwa ongavela ngaphandle kwesisekelo. Njengoba ebhala emisebenzini yakhe: "Yiqiniso, kukhona okukhona, kepha kuhlala kithi into ethile - umphathi wezimfanelo eziyisisekelo sobude nobukhulu, engabonakali iso futhi engazizwa yizinzwa."

Ngokufanayo, isazi sefilosofi esingumJalimane u-Immanuel Kant sabiza ngokuthi "izingxenye eziyinhloko zezinto eziyinhloko," futhi inyunyana yazo - "indlela ebalulekile." Ngokusekelwe kulo mqondo, wahlukanisa izinhlobo ezimbili zendaba :

1. Kuyaqondakala. Umqondo ohlukile efonini.
2. Ukuphila, noma okungapheliyo. Kuyindaba yazo zonke izenzo ezilinganiselwe kuphela umahluko wohlobo olulodwa oluvela kolunye.

Ukuqhubeka kulokhu, uKant wanikeza incazelo elandelayo yendaba: obunzima, onomzimba omude, ohlala ezweni lonke elizungezile futhi abe yisisekelo semvelaphi yezinzwa. Le mbono isabalulekile futhi isisekelo kuzo zonke izimfundiso namafilosofi ezalandela.

Izimpawu Zendaba

Ukutadisha ngokucophelela uhlobo lokunyatheliswa kwendaba kwaholela ekuboneni izici zayo eziyinhloko:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa okuzimele kwendlela yokunyakaza, umuntu kufanele abe nokuphikisana kwakhe.
2. Isisekelo sefomu ngalinye ukuxhunyaniswa kwezindawo ezitholakala ngokwahlukana kwisakhiwo sendaba, okuvela kuso lapho okwakhiwa khona.
3. Noma yiliphi ifomu ligcwele indawo enesithathu egcwele izinto, izinqubo nezenzakalo ezingekho kwezinye izindawo.
4. Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhamba olutholakala lapho kutholakala khona ikhwalithi kanye ne-poise, okuholela ekubeni kuvele ubumbano nezinhlobonhlobo zezibonakaliso zangaphandle.
5. Indlela yentuthuko inezinto ezimele ezizimele, ngokulalela kuphela izikhundla zayo ekuhambeni.
6. Uhlobo ngalunye lokunyakaza luba nobuhlobo kuphela nomphathi othintekayo, okuyindlela yayo yokuvela nokuthuthukiswa.
7. Ngokuqinisekile wonke amafomu alo lonke limelelwa yizesayensi ehlukene futhi alibonakali phakathi kwabo.

Ngakho-ke, okubalulekile, izinhlobo zokuhamba nokuphila kwayo, yizici ezijulile kunokuba kubonakale ekuboneni kuqala.

Ukumelela nokuhlukaniswa okuyisisekelo kwendaba

Izakhi zesici zendaba ziyizinto ezintathu: ukufuduka, isikhala kanye nesikhathi esimisiwe. Kulesi simo, zonke zikhona ngokuhlukile kulo. Kanti, izinto zendaba zinemibono efanayo yesikhala nesikhathi.

Isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, umlingani kaMarx kanye nomsunguli wemisebenzi yakhe, uFriedrich Engels, naye waphawula ngalolu daba. Ukubhala kwakhe kungokwezigaba ezilandelayo zefomu lokunyuka kwendaba:

1. Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba.
2. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe.
3. Imishini.
4. Biological.
5. Social.

Wazibheka ukuthi zihlangene futhi zihambisana ngokugcwele.

Ngokuhambisana namafomu, le nto nayo inezindawo ezithile:

1. Ukungabi khona kwendalo eyenziwe ngabantu futhi kungenzeka ukubhujiswa.
2. Infinity indawo ngesikhathi nesikhala.
3. Indaba ihlale ihambisana nokunyakaza nokushintsha, ukuzithuthukisa, ukuguqulwa nokuguquka kusuka kwesinye isimo kuya kwesinye.
4. Ukunqunywa kwazo zonke izinqubo.
5. Ukutholakala kobudlelwane be-causal. Kusho ukuxhunyaniswa kwezimo nezinto ezihambisana nesakhiwo sezibopho kudaba, kanye nezimbangela zemvelaphi yazo nemibandela.
6. Ukuzindla. Le nqubo ikhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezenzo, kodwa kuxhomeke kwisakhiwo sezinhlelo zokubambisana kanye nomthelela wangaphandle. Kungenxa yalesi simo ukuthi ifomu lizalwa njengento engabonakali yokucubungula.

Kunezinhlinzeko eziqondene nokubekwa kwefomu lokunyuka kwendaba:

1. Umthetho wobumbano kanye nokuphikiswa kweziphikisa. Ama-Engels akholelwa ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zendaba zinezinto eziphambene nazo, lapho ngazo kanye khona ubuhlobo nobuhlobo.
2. Ukushintshwa kwesilinganiso semfanelo. Ngokwalesi sihlinzeko, ubungako buyinto efanayo evumelanisa izinto ezihlukene, futhi izinga lihlukile ezintweni ezifanayo nasezenzweni ezifanayo. Naphezu kwehlukahlukana okunjalo, ekuthandeni izinto ezibonakalayo bayingxenye eyodwa - isilinganiso, sidlulela ngaphesheya kwemingcele eholela ekubhujisweni komunye. Isibonelo, inani lokuphuza utshwala elanele ukugcina umuntu ongenangqondo linikezwa.
3. Gcwalisa ukungabikho kokunganaki. Kuyinto ukuqhubeka komthetho wangaphambilini. Kusho ukuthatha isinyathelo esingaphezu kwesilinganiso, ukuphula isakhiwo esidala nokwamukela okusha nge-data ethathwe emingcele endala.

Isigaba esisha kakhulu sendaba

Ukuhlukaniswa ngenhla kwamafomu kusuka ku-Engels kwakungokoqobo phakathi nonyaka ophakathi. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sidlule, imiqondo ishintshile, futhi kanye nawo izinhlobo zokuhamba kwendaba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo zohambo lwendaba luyeke ukuba lube lushisa, lube ngumqondo owandisiwe kanye nesimo. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlobo zokunyakaza kungafakwa:

1. Ukuhambisa esikhala.
2. Ukuhambisa ama-electromagneti njengophawu lokuhlukanisa izingxenye zamacala.
3. Ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu yokuvuthwa: ukuhlangana okuqinile kwe-nuclei emkhathini kanye nobuthakathaka, oboniswe ekuthineni nasekuphumeni kwezinhlayiyana ze-neutron.
4. Ifomu yamakhemikhali yokunyuka kwendaba. Imelela inqubo kanye nomphumela ophelele we-interconnection of molecules kanye nezinhlayiya ezikhokhiswayo.
5. Kusuka ensimini ye geology. Kubonisa izinguquko ezinkambisweni eziyinhloko zemvelo: amazwekazi, izendlalelo zomhlaba.
6. Indlela yezinto eziphilayo zokunyakaza kwendaba. Kungabandakanya izinqubo zemvelo emvelo: synthesis, izinguquko zeselula.
7. Ifomu lezenhlalakahle. Imelela zonke lezo zenzakalo ezenzeka emphakathini. Ingabe iyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke futhi iyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwazo zonke ezibalwe ngenhla.

Amaqembu ezinhlobo zokuhamba kwendaba

Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokunyakaza kwezindaba zinezincazelo zabo, ngokusho ukuthi ziyihlobo luni lokunyakaza nokuxhumeka kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokusho kwezinguquko eziyisisekelo ebumbeni labo. Ngesisekelo salokhu kuhlaziywa, inguqulo enjalo ithuthukiswa: ngokuphelele imithi yonke ayinayo eyodwa, kodwa ifomu lezinto eziningi ezihambayo endaweni kanye nesikhathi. Kubufakazi balesi sihloko, amaqembu amathathu ahamba phambili ezinhlobonhlobo zokunyakaza ahlukene, ngalinye ngalinye linamacondzana alo amaningi.

Ifomu engavamile. Ihlanganisa izingxenyana ezilandelayo eziyinhloko:

1. Ukuhamba emoyeni.
2. Ukuhamba kwezinhlayiya ezisemqoka kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemikhakha: amandla kagesi, kusukela emkhakheni wokuvuthwa komzimba, ngezinga elihlukene lokuhlukanisana.
3. Ukunyakaza nokudluliswa kwama-athomu nama-molecule zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu, kuhlanganise ne-chemical component.
4. Ukuphindukuzalwa kwezindikimba endaweni yonke - amaplanethi, izinkanyezi, izinkanyezi.

Imvelo ye-Organic. Kuhlanganisa zonke izinqubo eziphilayo eziphilayo:

1. Ukushintshaniswa kwezinto.
2. Ukulondolozwa kokuzinza kwangaphakathi, ukuphathwa nokukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo zezinto eziphilayo nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
3. Ukungahambisani nesistimu yezinto eziphilayo nemvelo.
4. Izinqubo zendalo eziphilayo ezenzeka emzimbeni futhi zifaka isandla ekugcineni yonke impilo.
5. Izinqubo zesimo sezinto eziphilayo kanye nesimo somshini wokunyuka kwezindaba ezenzeka ezinkambisweni zemvelo futhi kunqume indawo kanye nemvelaphi yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Ifomu lezenhlalakahle. Ihlanganisa:

1. Ukusebenza komphakathi.
2. Izitebhisi eziphakeme kakhulu zokubonisa izindawo nokuphindukuzalwa kweqiniso.

Izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokufuduka kwezinto ezivela eziphansi futhi zihlanganisa ukuphindukuzalwa kwazo. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokuhlangana nokuthonya, amafomu aphezulu ahluke ngokuphelele kulabo abaphansi.

Isidingo sokuthola ulwazi mayelana nobuhlobo bobudlelwane sitshengiswa isifiso sokufunda okuyiqiniso kwezwe, ukubonakaliswa kwayo okuyinhloko, kanye nendlela yokulawula.

Izinhlobo zokunyakaza kwendaba

Kufundiswa kwefilosofi akukhona nje kuphela izindlela eziyisisekelo zokunyakaza kwezindaba, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo zayo. Kukhona ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. Ngamanani. Kuyinto ukuhamba kwendaba emkhathini ngokulondolozwa ngokugcwele kwezakhiwo kanye nezimfanelo.
2. Ngekhwalithi. Ukubhujiswa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo - kuze kufike ukubola okuphelele ku-athomu nama-molecule - ngokuguqulwa kube uhlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele lwempahla nezinto ezintsha.

Uhlobo lwesibili lokunyakaza lunamaconsi amabili:

1. Ukunyakaza okunamandla emkhathini. Lena inqubo yokulondoloza ukuqina kwezinto ezingenazo izinguquko zangaphandle ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungabandakanya ukuphindukuzalwa kwezinto ezikhanyayo zezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ephelele. Isibonelo, lokhu kwenzeka lapho izinkanyezi zizalwa futhi zithuthukiswa noma ukulandelana kwentuthuko kusezingeni elithile lendaba.
2. Abantu. Ngokuqondile ngokumelene nokunyakaza okunamandla kuyisimo. Imfanelo yokuhamba kolunye uhlobo lwekhwalithi komunye ngokushintsha okuphelele kumazinga enhlangano. Lokhu kufaka hlangana ukunyakaza kwesakhiwo esingakahlelekileko ku-organic noma ukuzalwa komuntu.

Ukuzithoba, ukuqhubeka nokuvalwa kwesicelo sezindaba

Eqondwa ekuqaleni ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwemizimba kusuka kwesinye isikhala kuya kwesinye, ukunyakaza / ukuthuthukiswa kwesimo sokunyuka kwezindaba ngesikhatsi kwaqala ukuzwakala kakhulu kakhulu - njengendlela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, ukutholakala kwezinqubo eziphilayo kanye nomphakathi emphakathini.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngezigaba ezijwayelekile zendaba njengezinhlobo zezilwane, izinhlobo ezintsha zokuhamba zivele zivele: ngokuya:

1. Ukuqhubekela phambili, okungukuthi, ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo phezulu.
2. Ukubuswa, okuwukuthi, ukubuyela njalo esimweni sokuqala.
3. Kuvaliwe. Okusho ukuthi, ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo phakathi kwesifunda esivaliwe. Kodwa-ke, kubonakala ukuthi leli fomu alikho ukulungiswa okunengqondo, ngakho-ke akanalo ilungelo lokuba khona: akukho isenzo esingenziwa ngendlela efanayo kanye nokubuyela ekuqaleni.

Izinkhombandlela zefilosofi

Ososayensi emhlabeni jikelele eNkathini Ephakathi babephikisana ngokuthi isisekelo sezwe saqala kanjani lapho kuvela khona imibono enjengesikhala, isikhathi, izinhlobo zokunyakaza kwendaba kudinga. Phakathi nokungezwani, kwamiswa amakamu amabili:

1. Kukhona i-monism kuphela, okungukuthi, isiqalo esisodwa sayo sonke isisekelo sezwe.
2. Kunezimiso eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, okungukuthi, ubuqili.

Nokho, kwakukhona futhi umuntu wesithathu. Laba ososayensi baphika ngokuphelele kokubili indaba kanye nemibono, bekhetha "umzila wesithathu" engaziwayo - isiqondiso esingenalutho ngokuphathelene nezinto ezibonakalayo noma ukucabanga. Kwakuyi-hypothesis eyagcina yamukelwa yizifilosofi ezinhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, kwabonakala kungenangqondo, ngakho-ke kwakungamukeleki ukubulawa: ngokuvumelana nenkolelo, konke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakulindeleke ukuba kube yikhombandlela, kuba, empeleni, kodwa ngefomu elimboziwe.

I-Vitalism njengesiqondiso esengeziwe sokunyakaza

Ngokuhambisana nezinkombandlela ezibalulwe ngenhla zendlela yokunyuka kwezindaba, ifilosofi nayo igcizelela njengokubalulekile, okungukuthi, amandla. Ngokusho kwakhe, isizathu esihluke ngokuphelele sokuvela komuntu sibonakala: akuseyona ingxube ye-physics kanye ne-chemistry ejwayelekile, kodwa into enamandla okuphila ngumphefumulo. Ngokusho kwalesi siqondiso, njengokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, lesi simo sichazwa njengenqubo yemvelo yokuphindukuzalwa kwendaba, ukushintshwa kwesinye isigaba kuya kwesinye ngokushintsha kwendawo yayo.

Ibuye ichaze ukuthi ukuqaphela kuyisici somuntu onomphefumulo. Kukhona lapho kuphela ukuhamba, isisekelo sezwe lonke. Ukuqaphela kubonakala kuqala njengesidingo sokuhlinzeka isitsha esengeziwe sokucubungula ulwazi ngomuntu. Ukuqonda leli qiniso kungaholela ekuvezweni kolwazi oluyimfihlo emkhakheni wezinhlaka ezahlukene.

Isimiso sokubumbana kwezwe, indima yesayensi yemvelo yesimanje kanye nefilosofi ekuqondiseni kwayo

Umhlaba wonke yizimo ezihlukahlukene, izinqubo namafomu. Ngayinye yalezi zakhi inezithuba zayo, ukuma kwesimo sendaba kuguquke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kungenye yezimfundiso zefilosofi. Uma ubheka inkinga evela ekhoneni elihlukile, ungabona ubuqotho obunye nobunye bezwe, okwenza isibopho esingenaso. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sobunye.

Isimiso esifanayo sisetshenziselwa isayensi kanye nesayensi yemvelo. Ngokusho kwakhe, konke okusemhlabeni kuhlangene futhi kuholela ekukhuleni kwezindaba ezintsha kanye nezenzakalo ezintsha. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje:

1. Ubunye bamazimba e-cosmic ohlelweni lwelanga kwenza ukuba kuzalwe amaplanethi endaweni yonke.
2. Yonke imithetho yokongiwa nokuhamba kwamandla emkhathini - uhlobo lokunyuka kwezindaba.
3. Ubunye bezakhi zamakhemikhali kwaholela ekubeni kudalwe itafula nguDmitry Mendeleyev.
4. Ukuthembeka kwenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo kwafaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni inkolelo kaCharles Darwin ekuzalweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane.

Konke lokhu kuphinda kugcizelele ubunye bezwe njengesixhumi sezinhlayiya zokuqala ngokuxhumana okuyisisekelo. Ngakho-ke, okubalulekile, izinhlobo zokuhamba nokuphila kwayo, ziyinkimbinkimbi, imiqondo ejulile kunokuba ibonakale ekuqaleni. Akusizo ngalutho ukuthi isithakazelo sabososayensi kulezi zenzakalo asizange buthakathaka amakhulu eminyaka.