IsiZulu sefilosofi izinto Thomas Hobbes: A Biography (ifotho)

Thomas Hobbes, isithombe okuyinto okusesihlokweni esithi, wazalelwa Malmesbury e 1588, ngomhlaka 5 Ephreli. He is an English sazi-izinto ezibonakalayo. imiqondo yakhe ziye zanda kakhulu ezifana wesayensi njengoba umlando, i-physics kanye geometry, imfundiso yenkolo futhi izimiso zokuhle. Cabanga kwalokho. Thomas Hobbes waziwa. Mfushane biography nani futhi echazwe esihlokweni.

Imininingwane zomlando

Thomas Hobbes, ogama biography ligcwele ikakhulukazi umsebenzi ngokusebenza kwakhe nokwenziwa imiqondo, Yazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kwakubangelwa becasukile kanina esisemnyango Spanish Armada eNgilandi. Noma kunjalo, wakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engu-91, ukulondoloza yonke iminyaka nekucaciseleka engqondo. Imfundo le babengamaphesenti wafunda e-Oxford. Yayithanda amabalazwe, travel amatilosi. imibono Thomas Hobbes sika babethonywe ongqondongqondo ebalulekile isikhathi sakhe. Ikakhulukazi, wayejwayelene Descartes, Gassendi, Mersenne. Esikhathini esidlule, njengonobhala wo- e Bacon. Izingxoxo naye kwadingeka hhayi ithonya okungenani emibonweni Thomas Hobbes. Ube engumlobi njalo nesithakazelo imisebenzi Kepler noGalileo. Nge yokugcina wahlangana e-Italy ngo-1637-m.

Thomas Hobbes: A Biography

Ngokusho isimo, wayengumuntu monarchist. Kusukela 1640 kuze 1651 th. Thomas Hobbes kwaba ekudingisweni e-France. imiqondo yayo eziyisisekelo kwamiswa bedle inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi. Lapho ebuyela kuleli zwe ngemva kulwiwa, yasihlephula ne Cavaliers. ELondon, Hobbes wazama ideologically bathethelele kwezombusazwe ka Cromwell, ogama ubushiqela yasungulwa emva kwempi.

nezindaba womuntu

Thomas Hobbes wayesondelene kakhulu izenzakalo ngesikhathi sakhe. Umqondo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela ukuthula nokulondeka yezakhamuzi. nezindaba zomphakathi babé element central in the msebenzi owaqala Thomas Hobbes. I imiqondo esemqoka nesekelayo wayecabangisisa ezindabeni womuntu. At ekuqaleni kwenkonzo yakhe wayehlele ukushicilela trilogy. Ingxenye yokuqala kwaba ukuchaza umzimba, kwesibili - indoda, wesithathu - isakhamuzi. Nokho, Umqulu wokuqala, kwaba owokugcina ekhulelwa. I indatshana "On the isakhamuzi" esanyatheliswa 1642. Sebenza "INdikimba" esanyatheliswa kuyi-1655-m, futhi kamuva eminyakeni emithathu baphuma "Oh indoda." Ngo-1651 yanyatheliswa "uLeviyathani" - umsebenzi voluminous kakhulu futhi okuphawulekayo ukuthi wadala Tomas Gobbs. Philosophy (kafushane futhi Imibandela) yayibizwa echazwe izigaba kokuqala umsebenzi. Ezinye izindaba zika-imibuzo asebenzelana ngayo esimisweni sezenhlalo kanye nesimo.

Thomas Hobbes: kafushane mayelana nomqondo

Umcabangi akhononda ukungabikho kwenqubekela phambili ngaphambili yabo. umsebenzi waso kwakuyindishi ukuze alungise leso simo abanelisi. Umise umsebenzi ukuhlonza izakhi ukuthi iyoba ayizidleke ukuthuthukiswa "iqiniso" futhi 'emsulwa "isayensi, inqobo ukusetshenziswa indlela ehlongozwayo. Ngakho, wasikisela ukuvimbela okuvela kuyo imiqondo eyiphutha. Thomas Hobbes wagandelela ukuqakatheka kweLizwi indlela emkhakheni kolwazi lwesayensi. Lezi imicabango ezisukunyiswe ifilosofi Bacon owaphikisa scholasticism. Kumele wathi kutsi umdlandla indlela besihambisana nesiminyaminya abaholi abaningi ekhulwini le-17.

ngokucacile imicabango

Kunzima ukubiza legatsha omunye ethile yesayensi, okuyinto eye yaba umsekeli Thomas Hobbes. Ifilosofi sazi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngako okusekelwe ocwaningweni enokwehla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayengumuntu umsekeli ukusetshenziswa indlela zezibalo. Wasebenzisa ngqo hhayi kuphela kwi-isayensi ngqo, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo ulwazi. Eyokuqala indlela zezibalo asisebenzise wezifundo zezombusazwe. Lokhu isiyalo iphathwa umzimba yolwazi mayelana nesimo kwezenhlalo, okuvumela uhulumeni ukuba usungule futhi ugcine kwezimo zokuthula. Ngokucacile wayecabanga kwasekuqaleni ukusebenzisa indlela ethathwe physics kaGalileo. Kugcine wasebenzisa Mechanics futhi geometry phakathi ukuhlaziya kanye isibikezelo imihlola kanye nemicimbi emhlabeni wangempela. Konke lokhu kungenxa Thomas Hobbes ahlupheka cwaningo yizenzo zabantu. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukusungulwa amaqiniso athile aphathelene kobuntu, ongatholakala ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye ezimweni ezithile ezihlonziwe. Abantu, ngokombono wakhe, kufanele zihlolwe njengoba omunye izici kulomhlaba. Ngokuphathelene ukuthambekela komuntu, neminjunju, bangakwazi ukuba zihlolwe ngesisekelo ukunyakaza ngokomzimba futhi nezimbangela zabo. Theory ka Thomas Hobbes yayisekelwe Ngakho-ke, ku-isimiso ukuthi uGalileo likhishiwe. Wagomela ukuthi konke okukhona - kuyindaba kunyakaza.

Ingqikithi yalo umqondo

Izwe elisizungezile, nemvelo, Hobbes ithathwa njengendlela iqoqo emizimbeni enwetshiwe. Izinto ukuzishintsha, ngokombono wakhe, kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhambisa izakhi impahla. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa libhekisela kuzo njengemimoya ukunyakaza lokukhanda. Movement idluliselwa nge push. It kuphakamisa amandla emzimbeni. It yena, ingena ezinyakazayo. Hobbes Ngokufanayo ubachazela ukuphila okungokomoya kwabantu nezilwane, ehlanganisa emizweni. La malungiselelo futhi waveza umqondo mechanical Thomas Hobbes.

cognition

Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuthi wenziwa esebenzisa "imibono." umthombo wabo bezibona izinkanuko kakhulu zomhlaba. Ayikho umqondo, ngacabanga Hobbes akukwazi isegazini. Kulokhu, izinzwa zangaphandle, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wakhonza njengephayona cognition bebonke. Okuqukethwe imibono azikwazi ukuncika komuntu. Ingqondo uyasebenza futhi wacabanga izinqubo ngokuqhathanisa, ukuhlala ngokwahlukana uxhumano. Lo mqondo wakha sisekelo sokwazi izimfundiso. Ngokufanayo, Bacon, Hobbes igxile incazelo enokwehla, empeleni kokujoyina isikhundla sensualistic. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umqondo womuntu akuyona umqondo owodwa, okuyinto ekuqaleni wabonakala kancane noma ngokuphelele izitho zokuqonda. Hobbes babekholelwa ukuthi yokufuna Nolwazi luvela isipiliyoni. Of emizweni, ngokombono wakhe, ngokusekelwe zonke isayensi. ulwazi Rational wayecabanga ukuthi izinzwa, okungamanga noma kuyiqiniso, ibonakala emazwini nolimi. Izahlulelo akhiwa inhlanganisela yezinto ngokolimi ziveza imizwa, okungafanele akukho.

amaqiniso zezibalo

Hobbes babekholelwa ukuthi ukucabanga ezimweni zansuku zonke, kungaba ulwazi lula ngokwanele amaphuzu. Nokho lokhu kungaphandle kwesiko Kuncane kakhulu zesayensi. Ngenxa yalesi ububanzi edingekayo isidingo futhi jikelele. Nazo ngokufanayo, kuncike kuphela wezibalo. Lokho Hobbes ezikhonjwe naye ulwazi lwesayensi. Kodwa siqu izikhundla zabo abazibheka, okuyinto azifane Descartes, yena kuhlangene umqondo enokwehla. Ngokusho kwakhe, impumelelo yeqiniso izibalo kwenziwa ngamazwi, kodwa akukho okwenzeka ngqo izinzwa.

Ukubaluleka ulimi

Hobbes wawumatasa asathuthuka lokhu umqondo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi yiluphi ulimi izenzo ngenxa yesivumelwano womuntu. Kususelwa isikhundla nominalism, amagama nabizelwa amagama, okuyinto sici wesigodi. Bakhuluma kuye ngesimo i uphawu ngokungenasizathu mayelana ezinye izinto. Lapho uthenga lezi zinto ezibaluleke jikelele eziqinile ngandlela-thile degree of iqembu labantu, ziya izimpawu isigaba-igama. I "uLeviyathani" Hobbes wathi ukuthi umuntu ufuna iqiniso ngqo, kufanele sikhumbule isiqu segama ngalinye uyawasebenzisa. Uma kungenjalo, uzobonakala ogibeni yamagama. Lapho umuntu uzochitha amandla ukuphuma ke, kulapho ozothola udidekile. Ukunemba amazwi Hobbes izincazelo kufanele kunqunywe ngalo ukususwa emagama kwenzeka, kodwa hhayi umuzwa njengoba Descartes babekholelwa. Ngokusho ukukhulelwa nominalist zezinto noma imibono kungaba yangasese. Amagama, esikhundleni salokho, kungaba futhi ejwayelekile. Nokho, "jikelele" ka nominalism akukho mqondo.

umthombo we-trafic

izinkolelo Ontological, ngokusebenzisa echaza izwe, yazithela ezinye zezithiyo. Ikakhulukazi, ngabhekana nobunzima endabeni umthombo we-trafic. Njengoba "uLeviyathani" yakhe kanye indatshana "On the isakhamuzi" Nkulunkulu kwamenyezelwa. ukunyakaza ezalandela izinto, ngokuvumelana Hobbes, zenzeka kungakhathaliseki ke. Ukubukwa Thinker ngaleyo ndlela diverged linqoba izinkolelo zenkolo isikhathi.

Izinkinga lokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo mechanical

Njengoba omunye wabo wakhuthaza indoda ukuqonda. Hobbes bekubona egijima njengoba inqubo luyingxenye lokukhanda. It wasebenza njengomfundisi inhliziyo entwasahlobo, izinzwa - imicu, amalunga omzimba - njengoba amasondo. Lezi zici ezibikwa ukunyakaza lonke umshini. Psyche womuntu ngokugcwele wachaza mechanistically. Ludzaba lwesibili kwaba nenkululeko intando. Hobbes emibhalweni yakhe athunyelwa kuyo impela kucacile futhi iqonde, afanayo izimiso zabo. Wathi konke kungenxa yokuthi kubalulekile. Ingxenye uhlelo esiyimbangela abantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inkululeko yomuntu ayikwazi aqondwe njengokufaka ezimele njengoba kudingeka. Wathi hambisa muntu oyifunayo asikwazi ukuba izithiyo. Esimweni esinjalo, umphumela ubhekwa khulula. Uma kukhona noma yiziphi izithiyo, ukunyakaza lilinganiselwe. Inkulumo kulokhu kwenziwa izinkinga zangaphandle. Uma kuzuzwe akunqandi oyifunayo into ethile engaphakathi kumuntu, it is akuthathwa njengephutha izivimbelo senkululeko, futhi uvezwa njengoba ukuntuleka engokwemvelo yomuntu.

ukuvikelwa komphakathi

Kuthatha eningi isikhala ifilosofi Hobbes sika. Enikelwe aspect social "uLeviyathani" kanye indatshana "On the isakhamuzi." Ukulandela ezinye abaphika, wagcizelela indima ezihlukanisile nomphakathi. Isahluko 13, "uLeviyathani" uchaza "isimo yemvelo" abantu. Kuyo, okungukuthi iyafika, abantu banemibono ehlukene ngempela kancane ngokwamandla akhe komunye nomunye. Kulokhu, Hobbes babekholelwa ukuthi abantu futhi Imvelo uqobo lwayo noma okubi noma okuhle. Embusweni yemvelo bonke abantu ababonisa ilungelo zemvelo ukulondoloza impilo futhi ugweme ukufa. "Injabulo khona" yimpumelelo njalo ekugcwalisekeni isifiso. Nokho, kungase kungabi njalo ukwaneliseka ezolile, ngenxa yokuthi, ngokusho Hobbes, ukuphila alikho ngaphandle imizwa nezidingo. Isimo engokwemvelo abantu ukuthi ihamba efiselekayo wonke umuntu sihlangana komunye umuntu. Ukulwela okudala ukuthula nokulondeka, abantu njalo abathintekayo ezimpini. Ngo esimweni sayo sendalo, abantu kufanele kube imithetho yemvelo self-ukulondolozwa. Wonke umuntu lapha unalo ilungelo lokuthatha konke uyakwazi ukuthola kusukela ekusebenziseni amandla. Lesi simo Hobbes ephatha njengoba uyolwa nabo bonke ukuthi "umngane ongcono kakhulu impisi komuntu."

kumiswa isimo

Okungukuthi, ngokuvumelana Hobbes, kungasiza ukushintsha isimo. Ukuze bazigcine bephila wonke umuntu kumele kudlule bonke inkululeko yayo sokuqala tesifundvo. Kanti yena ukubuya emhlabeni lilomlilo angenamkhawulo. Abantu senqabe ingxenye inkululeko esivuna nkosi. Yena, ngokwakho, kucinisekisa kuhlangana kwemicabango yabo emphakathini. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isimo uLeviyathani. Lokhu enamandla, nabazidlayo, kepha ofayo, okungukufa eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi kungaphansi kwemithetho yaphezulu.

amandla

It is wadala ngokusebenzisa inkontileka social phakathi kwabantu iqhaza. amandla eyodwa olondoloza ukuhleleka emphakathini futhi kuqinisekisa ekusindeni labantu. ISivumelwano unikeza khona obunokuthula eyodwa kuphela indlela. Lubonakaliswa njengoba lokuhlushwa zonke amandla negunya ekuhlangabezaneni abantu abathile noma umuntu ofanayo, abangeke bakwazi konke ibe intando eyodwa izakhamuzi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunemithetho yemvelo umkhawulo umthelela inkosi. Zonke kubo njengokomumo Hobbes, 12. Noma kunjalo, konke bahlanganiswe omunye umqondo ukuthi umuntu akufanele uyenze ukuze abanye lokho kwakungeke ufisa abantu ziye lwenteke maqondana naye. Lokhu kuyinsakavukela zokuziphatha ubhekwa indlela ebalulekile yokuzithiba nokukhawulela ngoba Ubugovu babantu nabo benza unomphela, ophoqelelwe ukubala khona omunye komunye.

isiphetho

umqondo Social Hobbes wagxeka abantu besikhathi bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ngokuyinhloko kuqhathaniswa ukucabangela zabantu njengengxenye ndaba kunyakaza. Backlash okubangelwa emfanekisweni wakhe iyinkathazo ukwakheka kwabantu khona babantu ngabanye isesimweni sayo semvelo. It wagxekwa futhi isikhundla salo isihlobo emandleni ngokuphelele, lelicala amandla waphezulu zenkosi, nokunye. Noma kunjalo, nokubaluleka okungokomlando kuka imiqondo Hobbes futhi umthelela wabo izimpilo inzalo ka a ezinkulukazi ngempela.