Auschwitz Museum. Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi sibopha lamagama ezibonakala akuhambisani, njengoba emnyuziyamu, ekamu lokuhlushwa, i-Auschwitz, Birkenau, i-Auschwitz, kubalulekile ukuqaphela sezikhathi esabekayo nezinezinhlekelele kakhulu emlandweni wesintu.

Auschwitz - a eziyinkimbinkimbi ekamu lokuhlushwa, elalisendaweni ngesikhathi impi endaweni Auschwitz komuzi. Poland walahlekelwa umuzi ngo-1939, lapho ekuqaleni kwaba nobutha, wabizwa enamathiselwe insimu ka eJalimane futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Auschwitz.

Birkenau - German yesibili ekamu ukufa, etholakala edolobhaneni Brzezinka, lapho abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu baye bahlukunyezwa.

Ngo-1946, iziphathimandla Polish basuke sebethathe Museum ezivulekile ngesinqumo ukuhlela insimu ka-Auschwitz, futhi ngo-1947-ke wavulwa. Museum likhona ohlwini UNESCO. Auschwitz Museum evakashela abantu abacishe babe izigidi ezimbili ngonyaka.

wokuqala e-Auschwitz

Ubuningi ekamu lase-Auschwitz kwaba ePoland ngo ohlangothini lokunene amakhilomitha amane nanhlanu kusukela emzini Krakow. Wayengumuntu ekamu elikhulu sentambo ngecala lokubulala mass. Lapha babulawa kusukela ngo-1940 kuya ku-1945, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-1.1, phakathi kwabo u-90% ayengabantu abazinikele ubuzwe abangamaJuda. Auschwitz usuphenduke into efanayo kohlanga, unya, misanthropy.

Isiyenziwe yaphakama Shansela Germany, u-Adolf Hitler wathembisa abantu German bayathola amandla yayo yangaphambili, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubhekana esiyingozi isitha zobuhlanga - amaJuda. Ngo-1939, i-Wehrmacht yahlasela iPoland. AmaJuda angaphezu kwangu-3 million ayesezibhebheni izindawo ezazilawulwa ibutho lamaJalimane.

Ngo-1940 wakha ekamu lokuqala lokuhlushwa leziboshwa zezombusazwe lase-Auschwitz-1 endaweni emabhalekisini wangaphambili yebutho Polish. Ngokushesha yathumela kubantu ekamu ezakha elite Polish: odokotela, abezombusazwe, abasebenzelana abameli, ososayensi. Ekwindla ka-1941 iziboshwa zezombusazwe wajoyina iRed Army iziboshwa ayizinkulungwane 10 zempi.

Imibandela yeziboshwa e-Auschwitz

Auschwitz Museum ezitolo njengoba ubufakazi ngesineke izibalo ngasese ezindongeni emabhalekisini, efakaza mayelana nemibandela avelelwe futhi abahlala ngaphandle kwekamu.

Iziboshwa wahlala amabili nane isitini emabhalekisini lapho ababili wawulala bunks emincane kakhulu. Ukudla kwaba ucezu lwesinkwa kanye isitsha isobho zamanzi.

Noma yimuphi i- uhlelo ekamu walindela eshaywe ngesihluku onogada basejele. Uma ucabangela nabasePoland izinhlanga ephansi, unogada ungase athobise, hit noma ukubulala. Inkinga sase- Auschwitz - ukuhlwanyela ukwesaba phakathi kuso sonke isibalo sabantu Polish. Lonke ikamu ndawo ebiyelwe emhlabeni azungezwe kocingo double ngocingo oluhlabayo, exhunywe kagesi.

Enye ukulawula iziboshwa senziwa iziboshwa umthetho, abalethwa emakamu German. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu - capo. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu ongazange asazi enduduzo noma ububele.

Life ekamu ngqo kwakuxhomeke indawo ukusatshalaliswa umsebenzi. Umsebenzi kwaba bayindlala kakhulu kule ndawo. Sebenza emgwaqeni, ngaphansi amagalelo ka capo - kuyinto isigwebo sentambo. Noma ikuphi ukuphulwa komthetho - ke eya ekufeni inombolo block 11. Waboshwa, ukugcina egumbini elingaphansi, washaywa, bebulawa indlala, noma umane ziyafa. Ayikwazanga ukuthumela ebusuku kwelinye amakhamera ezine umile. Auschwitz Museum uye walilondoloza ekamelweni sokuhlushwa.

Kube futhi etholakala ekamelweni leziboshwa zezombusazwe. Balethwa abavela kulo lonke elase esifundeni. Auschwitz Museum walondoloza odongeni sokufa, esemgwaqweni egcekeni block. Kube babulawa ngaphambi abantu 5000 ngosuku. Iziguli efika esibhedlela, kodwa akaze ezwe lutho wakwazi ngokushesha sukuma, ukubulala udokotela SS indoda. Kukholakala ukondla kuphela labo wayegila. Eminyakeni emibili, iziboshwa ezingaphezu kuka eziyishumi Polish yezimpilo kwabulala Museum esizayo-Auschwitz. Poland ngasilibala lezi bugebengu.

i-Auschwitz II

Ngo-October 1941, eduze nedolobhana Birkenau, amaNazi kusungulwa ekamu yesibili, ayekuhlosile iziboshwa zempi Soviet Army. Osventsium-2 kwaba izikhathi ezingu-20 futhi bezingaphansi 200 emabhalekisini iziboshwa. Manje ingxenye emabhalekisini lokhuni babhujiswa, kodwa zaqhubeka amaziko itshe tube sase- Auschwitz Museum. Ithathwe ebusika isinqumo Berlin mayelana nenkinga yamaJuda, ukushintsha target kunikezelwe. Manje-Auschwitz-2 lwenzelwe ekubulaleni abantu abaningi kumaJuda.

Kodwa okokuqala ayenakho indima ebalulekile ukucekelwa akazange ukudlala, futhi sasetshenziswa njengophawu indawo kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa amaJuda avela ethumba amazwe eningizimu, enyakatho, zaseScandinavia futhi Balkan. Kamuva kwaba kwekulu umshini ukubulala.

Ehlobo lika-1942, nawo wonke-Europe matasa aqala ukufika Birkenau amaJuda kulezi ziboshwa nakwezinye. kokwehla yabo kwenziwa ngamamitha angamakhulu ayisithupha kusukela esangweni main. Kamuva, ukusheshisa inqubo kokuhlatshwa kwamaphasika abo komzila ziye wabeka phambi emabhalekisini ngokwabo. abagibeli Fika lidlule inqubo Ukukhetha ukuthi onqumayo ukuthi obani abazohlala ukusebenza, futhi ubani - e egumbini elinegesi nokulapho, bese - emlilweni sase- Auschwitz.

okungokwayo eligoqiwe esasizobhujiswa ayehlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: amadoda nabesifazane nabantwana. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile ukunquma isiphetho sabo. Ingxenye iziboshwa abasha enamandla athunyelwa ekamu okufukuzwa kulo, kodwa ngobuningi abantu, kuhlanganise nezingane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, asebekhulile kanye nabantu abaphila nokukhubazeka - e esinobuthi, bese - kohhavini kushiswa khona izidumbu. inqubo Ukukhetha wathunjwa engaziwa oyisikhulu sama-SS ngesimo neyezithombe, nakuba i-oda kusukela ngenhla asivunyelwe ukususa ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi.

Lapho ngo-1942 Birkenau Kwafika amaJuda evela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ekamu kwakukhona igesi ekamelweni elilodwa kuphela, okuyinto wamiswa ngo-cottage. Kodwa ukubukeka ngo-1944 gas emakamelweni amasha amane kuvulwe Osventsium-2 endaweni embi kakhulu lokubulala inqwaba yabantu.

Ukusebenza zokulothisa safinyelela eyodwa futhi abantu abayinkulungwane nengxenye ngosuku. Nakuba izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufika esithandweni somlilo Red Army e-Auschwitz abangu yasha amaJalimane, wahlala ukusinda kuzo ngemibhobho we Ohhavini kushiswa khona izidumbu. It is prezhneu ezigcinwe Museum. Poland uhlose ukubuyisela futhi maqhugwane lokhuni eyayishiswa noma ubhujiswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusinda e-Auschwitz

Ukusinda ekamu kwakuxhomeke inhlanganisela yezici ezihlukahlukene: the isazela of self, ubudlelwano, inhlanhla, njengoba singahambi ngobuqili ngokucaphuma ubuzwe, yobudala kanye ubungcweti. Kodwa isimo esiyinhloko sokusinda yikhono ukuhlela konke ehlangene enana: ukuthenga, ukudayisa, uthole ukudla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakubalulekile ukuba bangene iqembu esihle sokusebenza, ezifana B2G wemboni.

Kwakukhona izinto iziboshwa entsha. Ngokwemvelo, eyigugu kakhulu wathumela eJalimane, kodwa ukusebenza lapha, Ngokuzidela okukhulu ezimpilweni zabo okuthile okunenani elikhulu kufihlwe izinto - igolide indandatho, idayimane, imali - ngokudla ekamu ngomgunyathi noma imikhiqizo ukusetshenziswa zokugwazela SS.

Umsebenzi inikhulula

Zonke iziboshwa badabula eyinhloko yokungena ekamu ukufa, bheka okulotshwe ku amasango-Auschwitz. Ngo-German kusho "Umsebenzi inikhulula".

Kulotshweni emasangweni sase- Auschwitz - kuba ukuphakama isimo sokugxeka namanga. Ungalokothi umsebenzi ukhulula ekamu lokuhlushwa womuntu, ekuqaleni isigwebo sokufa ngokungafanele. ukufa ngokwako kuphela, noma ezimweni ezingavamile - ukuphunyuka.

Egumbini elinegesi nokulapho lokuqala

I ucwaningo kuqala nge gas emakamelweni lase-Auschwitz, eyaqhutshwa ngo-September 1941. Khona-ke amakhulu iziboshwa ngempela namaSoviet futhi Polish bathunyelwa egumbini iyunithi 11 futhi babulawa ushevu - zinambuzane cyanide-esekelwe Cyclone - B. Manje ikamu lakwa-Auschwitz, okuyinto akuhlukile kwamanye amakamu amaningi, wathatha isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba abe zinendima ebalulekile nesixazululo Umbuzo wamaJuda.

Lapho kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa amaJuda, ayethi uzokwenza ngazo ukwakhisa empumalanga zifiki waxosha ezakhiweni yangaphambili izinhlamvu emadepho, okuyinto zitholakala kude ikamu eliyinhloko. Esasizobhujiswa batshelwa ukuthi kwalethwa ukusebenza, ngaleyo ndlela besiza e-Germany; kodwa kuzomele uqale disinfected. Izisulu ethunyelwe egumbini elinegesi nokulapho, ifakwe eshaweni. Zinhlayiya ka Zyklon - B bese ehlanganiswa ngokusebenzisa imbobo ophahleni.

Kuhlengwe iziboshwa

Ngo-1944, indawo yakwa-Auschwitz kwaba inethiwekhi emakamu, eqondisa nsuku zonke abantu abangaphezu kweshumi ukuba ayizinkulungwane enkundleni ye-German chemical isitshalo. Umsebenzi abavalelwe emakamu angaphezu kwamashumi amane isetshenzisiwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene: ukwakhiwa, ezolimo, umkhakha.

Maphakathi no-1944-Third Reich wasongelwa. Besaba ukuthi kusengaphambili ngokushesha amabutho aseSoviet, amaNazi adiliza futhi iqhume esithandweni sokushisa izidumbu, ukufihla iminonjana amacala abo. Ikamu elahlwa, kuhlengwe iziboshwa waqala. Januwari 17, 1945 iziboshwa 50,000 aphethwe imigwaqo Polish. Base bexoshwa eJalimane. Izinkulungwane sicathulo futhi abantu scantily abagqoke wafa ngenxa yamakhaza endleleni. Kuphelile futhi emuva kusuka iziboshwa ikholomu esingu onogada. Kwaba lokuyobulawa iziboshwa ekamu e-Auschwitz. ekamu lokuhlushwa Museum izitolo ngamaphasiji ekumeni emabhalekisini ziningi kakhulu kubo.

ukukhululwa

Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kuhlengwe iziboshwa Auschwitz kufakwe amasosha aseSoviet. On insimu ekamu kwatholakala iziboshwa ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa umndondo, abangondlekile ogulayo. Bamane akazange abe nesikhathi ukudubula: sasingekho isikhathi. Basuke ofakazi kohlanga abantu ongumJuda.

Ekulweni Kushone 231 amasosha iRed Army ukuze kukhululwe-Auschwitz. Bonke bathola ukuthula engcwabeni elikhulu lomuzi.

Basinda Auschwitz

Januwari 17 kwasho iminyaka engu-70 yokukhululwa ekamu lokuhlushwa lase-Auschwitz-Nazi. Kodwa ngisho nanamuhla, namanje iziboshwa ziphila kwekamu, ngasinda ezethusayo kohlanga.

Zdizslava Volodarchik: "Ngathola eqhugwaneni, lapho Ungigciné nezinye izingane. Izimbungulu, izintwala, amagundane. Kodwa ngasinda-Auschwitz. "

Klavdiya Kovachich: "Ngachitha iminyaka emithathu ekamu. indlala njalo futhi abandayo. Kodwa ngasinda-Auschwitz. "

Kusukela ngo-June 1940 kuya ku-January 1945 izingane 400 000 babulawa. Kumele kuphinde kwenzeke.

Eneka Genocide izigebengu

Rudolf Hess, Usigaxamabhande sase- Auschwitz, abazinikele Polish Supreme Court Yabantu futhi walengiswa e-Auschwitz esikhundleni ekamu amaGestapo endlunkulu 1947.

Josef Kramer, Usigaxamabhande ka Birkenau, walengiswa ejele German ngo-1945.

Richard Baer, le Usigaxamabhande lokugcina Auschwitz, washona ngo-1960 ulindele ukuthethwa kwecala.

Josef Mengele, iNgelosi Ukufa, ukugwema isijeziso, wafa eBrazil ngo-1979.

Izilingo izigebengu impi yaqhubeka 60s kanye 70s kwekhulu lama-20. Abaningi babo bafunana ajeziswe.