I-Poet Thomas Eliot: Biography, Ukudala

Thomas Stearns Eliot ungumbongi waseMelika ozelwe eMissouri (eSt. Louis). Ngo-1922 wanyathelisa inkondlo yakhe edumile ethi "Umhlaba Omubi." Lo msebenzi u-Ezra Pound, umqeqeshi wakhe nomngane wakhe, wabiza ngokuthi yisikhathi eside kunazo zonke izinkondlo ezibhaliwe ngesiNgisi. Futhi ngo-1948, u-T. Eliot wathola umklomelo weNobel.

Imvelaphi yombongi

UThomas Stearns u-Eliot wazalelwa emndenini omkhulu. Wayengumncinyane kunazo zonke. Phakathi kookhokho wendlovu elinezizukulwane zikababa kwakunguMfundisi uGeliot, owasungula iYunivesithi yaseWashington eSt. Louis. Kusukela ohlangothini lomama ka-Eliot, u-Isaac Sterns waziwa, owayengowokuqala ukuya eMassachusetts.

UHenry W. Eliot, uyise kaTomas, wayengumshicileli ocebile, kanti uCharlotte Stearns, unina, ungowesifazane onethalenta lombhalo futhi ofunde kahle. Wakha idrama evesini, kanye ne-biography kaWilliam G. Eliot.

Isikhathi sokutadisha, umsebenzi wokuqala

UTomas waqala ukubhala izinkondlo eneminyaka eyishumi nane. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala wabonakala ngethonya lemisebenzi ka-Omar Khayyam. Njengazo zonke izinkondlo ze-avant-garde, uTomas osemusha wayengumhlubuki, ehlaziya izwe lanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, kamuva inkinga enkulu yokudala yalowo mbhali kwakuyizinkinga zomoya. UTomas wayekhathalela izinqubo ezimbi eziholela impilo yomphakathi. Usizi lwakhe lwadluliselwa yilo mbongi onamandla amakhulu.

Ekupheleni kwesikole samabanga aphansi eSt. Louis, uTomas waqhubeka nezifundo zakhe ekolishi yangasese eMassachusetts. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-1906, wabhaliswa eHarvard University. Umfundi ovelele, onethalente waphumelela esikoleni samanyuvesi eminyakeni emithathu. Ngonyaka wesine wathola i-master degree.

Ngalesi sikhathi, ukubhala izinkondlo ku "Harward Advocaet", umhleli u-Eliot owawuvela ngo-1909 kuya ku-1910, kungokwakhe. Ngemva kwalokho, waya eParis, lapho eya khona izinkulumo eS Sorbonne. U-Eliot wahlangana nezincwadi zesiFulentshi, nezimbongi-symbolists. I-Symbolism yamthandayo eHarvard. UThomas Eliot ufunde uJules Laforgue, umbhali olandelana nalesi simo. Wabuye wakhonyelwa incwadi ethi "The Movement of Symbolism in Literature" ngu A. Simons. Wathonya kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kukaEliot njengombongi.

Isinqumo sokunikezela impilo yakho ezincwadini

Ebuyela eHarvard ngo-1911, uTomas waqala ukubhala incwadi ethi FG Bradley, isazi sefilosofi esingumlimi waseNgilandi. Wabuye wafunda iBuddhism neSanskrit. Ngokusho kweSheldon Scholarship, uThomas Eliot waya eJalimane naseNgilandi. E-Oxford Merton College, lapho efundisa khona uBradley, wafunda ifilosofi. Ngemuva kokungabaza okukhulu nokuzamaza, u-Eliot wanquma ukunikela impilo yakhe ezincwadini, ngakho akazange abuyele eyokuvikela le mfundiso eHarvard. UTomas wahlala eLondon, lapho abhala khona izinkondlo. Abanye babo, ngosizo luka-Wyndham Lewis no-Ezra Pound, bashicilelwa ngo-1915.

U-Eliot kwadingeka aphile ngokusebenza cishe ngonyaka efundisa, emva kwalokho wakhonza ebhange "uLloyd" unobhala. Ngomnyaka we-1925, imbongi yathoma ukusebenza ku-Faber noGuyer, ngokuthoma njengomhleli wombhalo wale ndlu yokushicilela, bese kuba njengomqondisi wenkampani.

Umshado wokuqala

UThomas Eliot washada ngo-1915. Okhethwe nguye nguVivian Heywood. Naphezu kokuthi umshado wawungathokozi, lo mbhangqwana wawuhlala ndawonye iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye. Vivien ngemuva kokuhlukanisa kwaba esibhedlela sengqondo. Lapha wafa ngo-1947.

Sebenzisa kumagazini, imisebenzi emisha

Kusukela ngo-1917 kuya ku-1919, uTomas wasebenza encwadini ethi "Egoist" njengephini lomhleli-inhloko. Izinkondlo zakhe zakuqala zaqala ukuvela eziningana zezikhathi, kuhlanganise no-E. Pound "i-Anthology yamaKatolika." Lapha imisebenzi yakhe yanyatheliswa ngo-1915. E-Hogarth Press, uLeonard noVirginia Woolf babamba izinqola ezimbili ezintsha zezinkondlo zikaTomas - "Ubufakazi Nezinye Ukubheka" (1917) ne "Izinkondlo" (1919). Lokhu kusebenza, kudalwe ngaphansi kwethonya leLaforgue, kumakwe ngesitembu sokukhungatheka empeleni.

Inkondlo yokuqala ephawulekayo kaThomas Eliot yayiyi "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock." Ibonisa hero ephoqelekile, enhle, enenhlonipho, enenhloso enhle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isiboshwa isilimi futhi inganqikazi, ikakhulukazi nabesifazane. Lo msebenzi wawuyingqophamlando ebalulekile ezinkondlweni zekhulu lama-20. Abagxeki abaningi babhala mayelana nencazelo yenkondlo, futhi uJer. Berriman, umbongi waseMelika, wayekholelwa ukuthi yilokho izinkondlo zanamuhla zaqala kuye.

U-T. Eliot ungumgxekayo

Ngokuhambisana nokuthandwa kukaThomas Eliot njengombongi, udumo lwakhe njengomgxeki wezincwadi naye lwaqinisekiswa. Kusukela ngo-1919, uTomas ungumlobi oqhubekayo wenkampani yokubhala phansi i-Times (Times Literary Supplement). Lapha wabonakala uchungechunge lwakhe lwezihloko ezikhuluma ngoJacobin no-Elizabethan drama. Kanye nabanye, bahlanganisiwe ekuqoqweni kwemisebenzi nguThomas Eliot "I-Holy Forest" (1920). Ezingxenyeni ezibucayi mayelana noDante, uShakespeare, uMarlo, uDryden, uGeorge Herbert, uJohn Donne, u-Andrew Marvelle, umbhali wazama ukubuyisela imbongi empilweni, okuyinto, ngokubheka kwakhe, ukuthi iyinto ehlala njalo yokugxeka. Iningi lemibono kaEliot kamuva yaboniswa ku-Kreterion, iphephandaba elibucayi elivame kakhulu elishicilelwa izikhathi ezine ngonyaka phakathi kuka-1922 no-1939.

"Umhlaba ongenalutho"

Ngo-1922, uThomas Eliot washicilela inkondlo yakhe edumile. Njengoba sesibonile kakade, ibizwa ngokuthi yisikhathi eside kunazo zonke phakathi kwezinkondlo ezenziwe ngesiNgisi. U-Ezra Pound ukhuluma ngamazwi akhe (ngemuva kokuba wonke umsebenzi uqukethe imigqa engu-434 kuphela) ngobuningi bezinkomba kanye nokugxilongwa kwezinkondlo kule nkondlo. Ngendlela, i-Pound yahlanganyela ekuhleleni komsebenzi. Wanciphisa inguqulo yokugcina yenkondlo nge-third.

Abagxeki abaningi abaziwayo bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi omuhle uThomas Eliot wadala wawuwu "Umhlaba Omubi." Wathonya ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkondlo. Umsebenzi uqukethe izingxenye ezingu-5. Bumbene ngezingqinamba zokukhukhula kwamagugu nokungabi namandla. Inkondlo, eyabonisa ukudumazeka nokungabaza kwenkathi emva kwempi, yabonisa isimo sesikhathi sonke.

Ubhapathizo kanye nobuzwe baseBrithani

TS Eliot ngo-1927 wenza ubhapathizo esontweni lase-Anglican. Wabe esenikwa ilungelo lokuba yisakhamuzi saseBrithani. UThomas Eliot, owakho izinkondlo zase zithandwa kakhulu ngalesosikhathi, esihlokweni seqoqo lakhe lezinhlobonhlobo ezinesihloko esithi "Ekuvikeleni uLancelot Andrews" uzibiza ngokuthi yi-classicist encwadini, i-Anglican inkolo nesebukhosini ezombusazwe. UTomas wayesenesithakazelo esibucayi kwisiko lesiNgisi njengomfundi. Abalingani befunda nabo bembiza ngokuthi ihlaya ngesiNgisi kukho konke, ngaphandle kozakhamuzi kanye nokugxila. Ngakho, ubuzwe baseBrithani bahlangabezana nezifiso zakhe. Kodwa-ke, ukuguquka kuka-Eliot eSontweni Lase - Anglican kwakusuka emasikweni e-Unitarianism okwamukelwa emndenini wakhe, naphezu kokuba anelisekile isidingo sakhe sengqondo esicacile futhi esiqinile (uThomas wayengumPuritan ngokuzalwa).

Enkondlweni ka-Eliot "I-Ash ngoLwesithathu" (1930) yabonisa ukuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo okuphawula ukuguqulwa kwakhe. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokungavumelani kwengqondo nengqondo, uTomas wahumusha inkondlo ethi "Anabasis" nguSaint-Jean-Francois (ngo-1930). Lo msebenzi uhlobo lomlando ongokomoya wesintu sonke.

Idlala ngo-Eliot

Ngo-1930, uTomas wabhala imidrama yezinkondlo ethi "Ukubulala eKhedhedral" (1935) no "Stone" (1934). Lezi zenzo zenzelwe ukufaniswa kwezenkolo. Okokuqala kwalokhu kuziphatha kwefilosofi. Isihloko sakhe ukuhlupheka kukaSt. T. Beckett. Le nkondlo ibhekwa njengokudlala okuhle kukaThomas Eliot. Ngempumelelo enkulu, waya ezindaweni zokudlala e-US naseYurophu.

U-Eliot uyadlala empilweni yanamuhla, njengokuthi "Umndeni WaseReunion," i-Evening Cocktail, "" uNobhala Wobuntu "kanye no-" The Elderly Statesman "(1939, 1950, 1954 no-1959 ngokulandelana) kubhekwa njengento ebalulekile. AmaTomas awaphumelelanga ukugcwalisa isihloko senhlekelele yasendulo Kodwa-ke, "i-Evening Cocktail" yaba yimpumelelo enkulu ezindaweni zokudlala ezisezinhlangothini zombili i-Atlantic Ocean.

Izinkondlo zama-1940 ne-Nobel Prize

Emashumini ama-1940, uTomas wabhala izinkondlo ezinjenge-"East Cocker" (ngo-1940), "Burnt Norton", "Drai Salveges" (konke ngo-1941), i-Little Gidding (ngo-1942) kanye ne "Quartets ezine" ( Ngo-1943). Abagxeki abaningi bayabona ukuthi le misebenzi iyona evuthiwe kakhulu emsebenzini kaEliot. Ngamunye wabo ubonakalisiwe, ophefumulelwe yimihlaba, lapho umbhali engena khona izahlulelo mayelana nesikhathi, umlando, uhlobo lolimi, izinkumbulo zomuntu siqu.

U-Eliot Thomas, ogama lakhe laziwa emhlabeni wonke, wathola iNobel Prize ngo-1948. U-Anders Österling, oyedwa wamalungu eSikoleni saseSweden, wagcizelela enkulumweni yakhe ukuthi izinkondlo zikaTomas zinezinto "ngokubukeka kwedayimane" ukuze zihlasele isizukulwane sesimanje.

Umshado wesibili kanye nokufa kwendlovu

Ngo-1957, washada no-E. V. Fletcher Thomas Eliot. I-biography yakhe iphelela ngo-1965, lapho efa, ephila iminyaka engu-76. U-T. Eliot wangcwatshwa eMpumalanga Cocker.

Izizathu zokuthandwa kuka-Eliot

Kungani umsebenzi kaThomas Eliot usakhathalela abaningi? Izizathu zihlukahlukene. Okuyinhloko yukuthi lo mbhali waba umkhiqizi omkhulu kunazo zonke wezinto zokwakha eziphambili. Izinkondlo ngesiNgisi T. Eliot zihumusha i-Jimenez, i-Montale ne-Seferis. Ngo-1969, imisebenzi kaTomas yahunyushwa ngezilimi eziyinhloko zaseYurophu, nakwaseShayina, eJapane, isi-Urdu, isi-Hindi, isi-Arabhu, njll. Futhi nanamuhla noma iyiphi incwadi enyatheliswa eMelika noma eNgilandi enikezwe izinkondlo zamanje ngokuvamile iqala Umqondo mayelana nokubaluleka kukaThomas Eliot, mayelana nomnikelo omkhulu akwenzile ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko bomlomo.

Ukubunzima kobuciko bukaEliot

Akulula ukuqonda izinkondlo ngesiNgisi ngombhali, kanye nokuhumusha imisebenzi yakhe. Iqiniso liwukuthi u-Eliot ungumbongi we-elitist. Imisebenzi yakhe akuyona nje into entsha enkondlweni zomhlaba. Emsebenzini wakhe, uTomas akazange akhubeke lapho. Wayelokhu ephendukela esixazululweni sezinkinga zobuciko ngokwengeziwe.

U-elitism we-intenethi, uhlamvu lwe-avant-garde lomsebenzi walo mbhali luholela ekwenzeni ukuthi izingoma zakhe akulula ukuziqonda. Ukuhlupheka kokuqala kuleso simo esiyinkimbinkimbi sefilosofi. Umbhali uthatha izimpande zenkinga yokuphila kwabantu. U-Eliot uphendukela emsebenzini wakhe emibonweni emisha yezobuciko kanye nefilosofi. Akagcini nje ukufeza umfanekiso wabo wobuciko. Umbongi ngokwakhe uzama ukuthola izixazululo ezinkingeni ezihlukahlukene.

Inselele yesibili yilokho okubhaliwe, ukushiya, amacebo, njll, idlala indima ekhethekile emisebenzini yakhe. Lokhu kuvumela imbongi ukuba iphikisana nemisebenzi yakhe isiko labantu nezikhathi ezahlukene, hhayi nje ukubonisa imibono yanamuhla ngezwe, kodwa futhi ukukhombisa ukuxhumana kwabo nezinye izimo Amasiko, okwedlule. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yalo mbhali kuvame ukunikeza imibono enemininingwane.

Isici sesithathu somsebenzi ka-Eliot, esiyinkimbinkimbi yokuqonda kwakhe, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi imbongi inikeza ukwakha. Isibonelo, umsebenzi "Amakhathuthi amane" anesimiso esicacile se-melodic, okuphakanyisiwe ku-Eliot ngokuqonda kwakhe uBeethoven (ngokuqondile, izingcaphuno zakhe eziphelile).

Kungenzeka ukuthi ukhulume isikhathi eside mayelana nokuzikhethela kwemisebenzi kaEliot. Noma kunjalo, kusihloko esisodwa akunakwenzeka ukumboza lo mcimbi ophawulekayo futhi owedlule kakhulu wobuciko. Kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uThomas Eliot, ubunzima obuyinkimbinkimbi akusiyo kuphela ukuphela kwayo. Kwakubonisa ukuhlukahluka nokungahambisani nezinkinga zezinkondlo ayezibuza futhi azixazulule.

Incwadi emayelana namakati

Kodwa akuyona njalo uT. Eliot enzima kangaka, akuwona umsebenzi wakhe ohlala njalo. Lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungalindelekile, kepha izilwane ezifuywayo nazo zazinesithakazelo kuleso mbongi njengoThomas Eliot. Amakati abe yiziqhawe eziyinhloko zeqoqo lakhe elidumile lezinkondlo, eshicilelwe ngo-1939 ("I-Science Popular Popular Amakati ..."). Imisebenzi ehlanganiswe kuyo yakhiwa ngawo-1930. Zibhalelwe onkulunkulu bakaThomas Eliot.

Njengamanje, leli qoqo, mhlawumbe, liyincwadi edume kakhulu emhlabeni mayelana namakati. Wonke umuntu othanda lezi zilwane uyazi. Udumo olukhulu lwalethwa ekuqoqweni yi "Amakati" womculo ka E. L. Webber, ngokusekelwe ezisusa zakhe.