Abantwana abakhubazekile - nezingane ezikhubazekile. Izinhlelo sezingane ezikhubazekile

Indlela ephumelela kunazo ukuqeqeshwa inhlangano izingane ezikhubazekile ekhaya uba ifomu akude, okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa eziphambili ulwazi nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana.

Njengengxenye yenqubo yokufunda, okungase lwenteke ukude, ngoba zingase zimiswe umfundi ngamunye ngumuntu ekhethekile lwezifundo, ingashintshwa ukuze izici zakhe ngazinye impilo kanye nezidingo zemfundo (izinhlelo ukuze ngiyoqeqeshwa ngokwengeziwe futhi ukuthola umsebenzi oyifunayo).

Njengoba esithi imelela HIA?

Kuyinto abanokukhubazeka wandile futhi kusho. Ngakho, izingane ezikhubazekile - izingane izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba ukuphambuka (engqondweni nasemzimbeni), okubangela ukuhlukumeza inkambo wemvelo yentuthuko yabo jikelele, ngokuqondene okuyinto zingase zingakutholi ngaso sonke siphile ukuphila ngokugcwele.

Njengengxenye isici sezemfundo kukwazi ukwakhiwa e incazelo ezincane eziningi. Abantwana abakhubazekile - izingane eziye ukwephulwa yentuthuko psychophysical (inkulumo, ukubona, ukuzwa, locomotor uhlelo, ukukhalipha, njll), Futhi ngokuvamile zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile zokulungisa nemfundo.

yokufunda Ibanga zikhutshaziwe izingane

Ilungelo kwezemfundo kuyintfo lesembili kwesokudla ezenhlalo nezamasiko wonke umuntu ngenxa yokuthi kusolakala njengoba sphere kokuphila komphakathi, umphumela abalulekile kakhulu womuntu inqubo ukuthuthukiswa.

Ezimweni zanamuhla kuba kulesi sigaba sama-kwizakhamizi ezifana no nezingane ezikhubazekile, it is ubhekene nezinkinga (zomthetho, zezimali, yenhlangano, ezobuchwepheshe kanye nomphakathi) mayelana nokwenzeka ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Mayelana lokhu ikakhulukazi ukuphuthuma kanye nokugcizelela ibangele umunyu ozuza ukutadisha indlela zemithetho kanye nomthethosisekelo ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthola imfundo.

Ezemfundo kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba esebenzisa ibanga ivumela ukunikeza zonke izingane a izinga lemfundo ephakeme kungakhathaliseki endaweni ethile yokufunda. Ukuzuza ulwazi ngokusebenzisa ulwazi Computing imvelo kunikeza ingane ithuba nibe namakhono afanele simdinga esikhathini esizayo futhi ukusebenza futhi ekubeni khona ehloniphekile jikelele.

Ekusebenteni, izikhathi eziningi liye kungase kutholakale ukuthi ukufunda ngokusebenzisa ibanga imfundo ubuchwepheshe kwenza ukufinyeleleka kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba imfundo efanele, kanye nentuthuko egcwele hlelo eziyisisekelo wokufundisa secondary education jikelele.

Izinzuzo Ukufundela

Lapha, uthisha inethiwekhi futhi umfundisi (teacher-consultant) uyosingatha izifundo usebenzisa ekhethekile amaflowutjhadi, esisetshenziselwa njengoba individualization yenqubo yokufunda ngokusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene imifanekiso ngabanye ezisekelwe yenhlangano kanye yekharikhulamu izifundo (kuye ngokuthi izidingo namakhono kwalesi sigaba abafundi).

Injongo eyinhloko yemfundo lapha ukuphepha ungubani yengane, futhi ukudalwa izimo ezifanele Inkulumo yayo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa imfundo umahluko, okuyinto ucabangela degree of nokwenziwa ulwazi esikoleni esiphakeme, ijubane imisebenzi yayo futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ahlukahlukene namakhono.

Yiziphi izimo letidzingeka ekusunguleni izikhungo zemfundo ezinganeni ezinezinkinga?

Kufanele iqiniseke ukuthi izici ezifana:

1. Impumelelo kwemiphumela kulindeleke maqondana nokuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke abafundi izinhlelo eziyisisekelo wokufundisa eyinhloko imfundo jikelele.

2. Ukusetshenziswa kokubili ezivamile futhi ethize tilinganiso imfundo yasesikoleni kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba ukuthi bahlangabezane nezidingo + zabo zemfundo.

3. Amandla okwenza ukuhlolwa izinga kokuhlukana temakhono esibalulekile ingane ngayinye abanokukhubazeka, kanye nabanye abafundi, futhi abazali (noma umlondolozi osemthethweni) kanye nabasebenzi esikoleni.

4. ngokwezifiso yenqubo zemfundo mayelana nezingane ezikhubazekile.

5. Afunwayo ukuthuthukiswa ikhono kwalesi sigaba abafundi kute basebentisane nalabanye nekukhuluma ukuxhumana nontanga yabo.

6. Intuthuko kanye ukuhlonza amakhono kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba ngokusebenzisa izigaba, amaqembu, amaqembu kanye studios, kanye nenhlangano imisebenzi emphakathini ewusizo, kuhlanganise umkhuba kwezenhlalo, usebenzisa amakhono ekhona okunye ukuqeqeshwa izikhungo zemfundo.

7. Ukuzibandakanya abafundi abakhubazekile imincintiswano ovumelekile zokudala nakongqondongqondo, abo design nocwaningo imisebenzi kanye lokusungula zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe.

8. Ukuzibandakanya nezingane ezikhubazekile, abazali kothisha ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo eziyisisekelo wokufundisa eyinhloko imfundo jikelele, kanye ekuklanyweni imvelo yangaphakathi social kanye kumiswa izindlela zokufunda ngabanye.

9. Sebenzisa njengengxenye inqubo yemfundo ezintsha, isayensi-based ukulungiswa ubuchwepheshe ukuthi bagxile izidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo abafundi abakhubazekile.

10. Cooperation esikhaleni zemfundo kanye yesibili, nezikole ezikhethekile, okuyokwenza ukusetshenziswa iminyaka eminingi nemfundiso nesipiliyoni mayelana imfundo kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba, kanye ukusebenzisa wadala ngokukhethekile kule nsiza.

Ngakho, ukubona isidingo sokuhlakulela izinhlelo ngabanye sezingane ezikhubazekile, okuyinto ngempela abazali babo kumele azibandakanye. Ngale ndlela esazi umthwalo walo mayelana izinga lempilo ingane yabo, hhayi kuphela emkhayeni kodwa futhi esikoleni.

cerebral palsy ezinganeni: Izimbangela

Ziyakwazi mayelana 50. Noma kunjalo, bonke inomsuka ekukhulelweni enqabayo nokuzalwa okwalandela.

Eliphawuleka kakhulu (okubangela nemiphumela enqabayo) zibandakanya:

1. olunamandla anoxia ngesikhathi sokuzalwa (isibonelo, ngenxa Friend izihibe umzanyana, umzanyana kanye ngaphambi kwesikhathi delamination al.) Noma eside ngemva kokuzalwa (usana ngaphambi kwesikhathi: esingaphansi kwamasonto 37 esesibelethweni noma enesisindo esingaphansi 2 kg). Ikakhulukazi iyingozi babhekwa njengabantu wazalwa kungakabi isikhathi nge Ukubeletha.

2. Ukuba khona intrauterine izifo (cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, njll).

3. Sinzima isifo hemolytic ngayo lapho usana (ukungavumelani immunological phakathi kukamama igazi fetus).

4. izici eziningana teratogenic ezithinta isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko ogxile ekukhulelweni ekuseni (isib edonsa izidakamizwa kungavunyelwe, kuhlanganise izinto zokuvimbela inzalo hormone, ukuchayeka emisebeni, njll).

Futhi izinto ezimbalwa ezimbi ezingenza cerebral palsy ezinganeni, futhi balimaza ezinkulu impilo nje vó komntwana ayenaye.

Izimpawu izingane ongaboni

Njengoba sesivele ziqala ngenhla, izingane ezikhubazekile - isigaba sabantu nohlobo oluthile ukungakhuli. Kulokhu - umsebenzi ezibukwayo.

Ngokocwaningo kwalesi sigaba izingane, kulandela mkhuba Dynamics iziyaluyalu ethize ezibukwayo sezihlonziwe:

1. Inani lezingane nge umbono asalile (90%) liye landa kakhulu. Ziyakwazi:

• ngokuphelele izimpumputhe - 3-4%;
• kusuka emcondvweni ukukhanya - 7%;
• VIZUS nge 0,06 - 10%.

2. Ukwanda iphesenti iziyaluyalu okuyinkimbinkimbi ezikubonayo. Nokho, kuphela ezimweni ezimbalwa ezihlobene nokusebenzelana ongaboni izimpawu ukunqotshwa olulodwa umsebenzi walo. Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene kulo mkhakha isikuqinisekisile ukuthi esikoleni iningi 2-3 isifo samehlo.

3. Yandisa inani ukukhubazeka ahambisana isifo ezibukwayo. Ngokuvamile, laba uphule isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko.

Ukuhlanganisa bezingane ezikhubazekile e zasenkulisa

Lena inqubo wokufundisa izingane ezikhubazekile ngaphakathi esikhungweni semfundo yohlobo jikelele. Lolu daba basingatha eside kakhulu namuhla.

imfundo Uxhumano kusho ukuthi izingane abakhubazekile zasenkulisa kufanele bayazi kahle amakhono, amakhono kanye nolwazi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo esifanayo, njengoba ngokuvamile asathuthuka.

Lokho ubudala zasenkulisa ubhekwa elihle kunawo ukuhlanganiswa bezingane ezikhubazekile ku iqembu lontanga yabo nge ukuthuthukiswa evamile.

Ezemfundo kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba esikoleni

Basuke ngiyiswe khona ngemva kokuthola isiphelo sesimiso Commission Pedagogical futhi ebandakanya ezokwelashwa ngokomqondo, nokwagcina kufanele kushiwo ukuthi ingane bangaqeqeshwa njengengxenye esikoleni olunzulu.

Kukhona futhi inikeza ulwazi mayelana izici ezingokwengqondo Pedagogical yentuthuko ngomuntu othile, kanye imiphumela zokuxilonga kulezi zindawo. Izincomo abafanele imisebenzi ohambisana ziqoqwa kuphothifoliyo umfundi.

Akwaziwa Eqinisweni imele ukuthi aphuma zasenkulisa aphansi odongeni esikoleni kuba ngempela esimweni esibucayi, Ngakho-ke imisebenzi kuqala inkonzo ukwesekwa wenza umsebenzi wokuvimbela nezingane ezikhubazekile mayelana uvimbele ukudala ezinye izinkinga kwesikhathi lithathelwe.

Nge kungenzeka ukuthi izingane ezibhekene nazo abakhubazekile aphuma zasenkulisa esikoleni?

Ngu kwesikhathi zezinkinga ukulungiswa zihlanganisa:

• siqu (ngezinga eliphezulu lokukhathazeka, ukungaqiniseki emabuthweni, ongaphakeme ugqozi lokufunda, ukungeneli ukuzethemba);
• zenhlalo-ngokwengqondo (eziningi izinkinga of maladjustment social);
• kwengcondvo (ukunakwa, ukucabanga, inkumbulo, bezibona, nokunye. d.).

Izikhombisi eyinhloko yomsebenzi inkonzo ukweseka

Abantwana abakhubazekile e isikole kumele zithole kulo lonke ukwesekwa ukuqeqeshwa ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

1. izinyathelo Yokucwaninga mayelana sphere ngokomzwelo futhi volitional, ugqozi kanye nasemakhonweni okuhlakanipha zobuntu yomfundi.
2. umsebenzi Analytical.
3. izinyathelo yenhlangano (esikoleni ezingokwengqondo, odokotela kanye nokwenza amalungiselelo Pedagogical kokubonisana, kokubili imihlangano emikhulu nemincane abasebenzi, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, imihlangano nabazali labafundi, othisha kanye nabamele abaphathi).
4. umsebenzi Iseluleko ne abafundi kanye nabazali babo nothisha.
5. Izinyathelo (ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo okuhloswe ngalo ukubhekana nezindaba mayelana nokuxhumana ekuchumana).
6. imisebenzi ukulungiswa nokuthuthukiswa izinhlelo (ngabanye kanye neqembu workshop abafundi nzima uzivumelanisa nezimo).

Ukwahlukanisa isigaba sabantu by A. R. Muller

Kusekelwe ubunjalo ethile copyright, okungukuthi, abantwana abakhubazekile kungaba:

• zithulu;
• ongezwa;
• ngasekupheleni deafened;
• abayizimpumputhe;
• ongaboni kahle;
• ephula imisebenzi of the system zemisipha;
• ephula ngokomzwelo futhi volitional;
• abanokukhubazeka bokusungula;
• nge retardation sengqondo;
• nge ezinzima inkulumo iziyaluyalu;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi abakhubazekile zentuthuko eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Six izinhlobo dizontogeneza V. Lebedinskogo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, nezingane ezikhubazekile - isigaba kwabantu abanokukhubazeka okuthile. Ngakho, uhlobo lokuqala izenzo ezinjalo dizontogeneza nokungathuthuki engqondo. imodeli yakhe ejwayelekile - retardation engqondo.

Uhlobo lwesibili - ukuthuthukiswa imisiwe emelelwa poliformnoy iqembu kokuba ukuhluka (infantilism, kahle amakhono esikoleni nokungathuthuki ka ephakeme nemisebenzi cortical, kanye nabanye.).

Uhlobo lwesithathu uhlanganisa kokulimaza kwengqondo (ekuqaleni evamile, futhi kamuva i- ngenxa yokulimala noma izifo CNS).

Okwesine - kusilela ukuthuthukiswa, okuyinto ukuhlukahluka psycho-ngokomzimba, kodwa kuncike nokwephula noma umbono, noma uhlelo zemisipha, noma ukuzwa.

Ukubuka yesihlanu siphazamisekile ukuthuthukiswa, libhekene inhlanganisela kwezinhlobo ngenhla.

Okwesithupha - ukuhlukumeza inqubo ungubani kumiswa. Kulokhu, imodeli ejwayelekile kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene psychopathology.

Ingqikithi yalo imisebenzi ukusekela nezingane ezikhubazekile e boarding izindlu

Ukulungiswa-ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi nezingane ezikhubazekile - ukusiza ekuthuthukisweni yabo ngokwengqondo nezenhlalo (ukwakheka izithombe ukuziphatha okuhle kwabangane-social futhi yazi nge isiko umphakathi, ukufunda amakhono namandla imisebenzi yansuku zonke).

Kumiswa isakhiwo imfundo nokuqeqeshwa kahle izingane ezikhubazeke ngokomzimba zentuthuko is ukuze e kwenkathi ngayinye ngobudala zanikezwa nemisebenzi oluphelele futhi eziqondile zokulungisa isimo.

Yini okufanele yenziwe ukuba ugxile nokugcinwa kulesi sigaba sabantu imisebenzi?

Abantwana abakhubazekile ahlukile, ngakho ukunakekelwa zokulungisa kufanele abathile ngangokunokwenzeka. Kudinga onzima, nesineke kanye nomsebenzi lokugcilwe kuto ngco. Abotitjhere kufanele kucace ukuthi hlobo luni izindlela zokufundisa kungcono kakhulu ukusebenzisa kusitshudeni ethize, ukuthi ukuba amsize abekezelele nezinkinga ngokuhamba ukuqeqeshwa, ikakhulu ezihlobene nesifo sakhe.

Ukusebenza nezingane ezikhubazekile zasenkulisa yobudala izindlela ezihilela nabo endaweni zemfundo kanye zentuthuko eziklanyelwe, kanye nenhlangano ukuqeqeshwa okufanele sifanelekele, okuyinto kufanele bacabangele iminyaka yabo kanye nezici psychophysical.

Ngakho, ekugcineni kufanele uphinda akhumbuze okulotshiweyo sahlola umqondo. Abantwana abakhubazekile - isigaba sabantu, izimpawu thuthuva (ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba), esidinga ukuba indlela ihlelwe ngokukhethekile yokufunda.