Fish (isigaba): incazelo. inhlanzi umndeni

Umhlaba izinhlanzi zahlukahlukene kakhulu, kanye endaweni yazo. Zihlala olwandle, nasemachibini, imifula kanye namachibi, angaba khona ezindaweni lishisa, futhi emanzini abandayo ye-Arctic Ocean. Uyini umehluko kwezinye izilwane? Yiziphi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi nomndeni khona?

Yini esiyaziyo inhlanzi?

Cishe u-70% Umhlaba imbozwe amanzi, okuyinto indlu esiyinhloko lezi zidalwa isimanga. inhlanzi Umhlaba siqukethe 20,000 zinhlobo. Ziyakwazi ababhukudi kakhulu bahlale amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nosawoti. Ukuze uthole ukudla, izinhlanzi bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade.

Lezi zilwane ukuphefumula usebenzisa gills okukhona kuzo phakathi nawo wonke amabanga ukuthuthukiswa. cishe wonke umzimba senhlanzi ihlanganisa izikali - amapuleti eduze zishiyane benzela Ukuvikelwa. izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo akuyona njalo, kodwa kuncike imvelo.

Kukhona izinhlanzi ezihlala eduze kwamanzi, abanye bahlala izixhobo noma ezansi. Ukubhukuda kungenxa imisipha. Basuke ihlukaniswe "kancane", obangela ukunyakaza elinganisiwe futhi drift, futhi "fast" sokusabela osheshayo. I aqondisa abazenzi ngokusebenzisa amaphiko, kanye ukunyakaza ezijulile - esinyeni bhukuda (kuphela ingxenye izinhlanzi).

ukwehluka Lesitshalo kanye ngezigaba

Alikho iqembu yezilwane ezinomgogodla inebanga kangaka okudingeka umzimba bobunjwa coloration njengoba izinhlanzi. Zingaba ezimise okweqanda, eziyindilinga flat, oyinyoka (isb, induna noma Moray). Ezinye zazo zihlanganiswe nge ameva (inhlanzi-urchin), kuyilapho abanye beswela ngisho esikalini. uhlobo oluthile bayakwazi ukukhuphuka kancane izihlahla, bembe phansi noma ngendiza phezu kwamanzi.

Jawed izinhlanzi ukumela iqembu izilwane okuqondene chordates. ngeengaba zawo ukushintsha njalo ngenxa ekutholakaleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Okwamanje, basuke yizigaba ezintathu: uqwanga, ray-finned kanye Lobe. Eminyakeni emibili ziyingxenye superclass ithambo.

Nokho zingahlukaniswa zibe subclasses, superorder, ama-oda, imindeni, izizukulwane nezinhlobo. inhlanzi Umkhaya Ziningi. Lapho zihlanganiswa efanayo eziningana e ijamo, umbala, inombolo kanye nosayizi amaphiko ukulethwa. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke umdlalo inhlanzi we-salmon umndeni, carangidae, umbokwane, inhlanzi kanye nabanye.

Lobe

Abaseduze oyise lasendulo lezo zinhlanzi. Ikilasi uvele iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-300 edlule. nabameleli bayo kuqala kuhanjiswe ku imizimba amanzi maphakathi nezwe, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ukuvikeleka okungcono ezilwaneni eziyingozi futhi kulondolozwe nezici ezikhethekile.

inhlanzi Lobe unezici yesimanje kanye zakudala e isakhiwo. amaphiko Wide ikuvumela ukuba uhambise ngezansi bayigubungele amafushane kwamanye amachibi. yayifanekisela nomxhantela Special kuqhoqhoqho zabo ukuba abe ukukhanya, ukuze bakwazi ukubamba umoya wabo.

Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke abameleli - umkhaya latimerievyh. It izinhlanzi crossopterygian, okuyinto iminyaka eminingi babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli yokuqothulwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-60 edlule. Ngo-1938, i-coelacanth wabanjwa ngasogwini South Africa kanye ogama lakhe behlonipha noMarjorie Courtenay-Latimer, abasithola.

actinopterygii

Ikilasi ephathelene ithambo inhlanzi, okuvame kakhulu kanti kuhilela okungaphezu 93% izinhlanzi. osayizi yabo lisukela amamilimitha angu ezimbalwa kuze kube 10-12 amamitha. Bangaki ithambo, banalo esinyeni bhukuda obangela hydrostatics, umoya kanye kumiswa nemisindo. Kuyasiza izinhlanzi njengento okumelwe igcinwe ekujuleni ezithile ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu, kanye ukuhambisa kusuka phansi kuya ebusweni.

Avilable izinhlanzi ray-finned libhekene engekho kuzithinta (eksisi longitudinal we skeleton), ngokungafani kuya Lobe. Kukhona amathambo nomgogodla kuphela. Izikali ngezinye izikhathi indawo kwamathambo amapuleti. amaphiko Kubhangqiwe emhlane yabo bebathathu. Yangaphakathi ukuvuleka acinene etholakalayo.

Lawa izinhlanzi eziningi. Class kuhlanganisa imindeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kokubili owaziwa bonke perch, Sturgeon, gobies futhi goosefish namawashi ahlekisayo, triggerfish. Lesi sakamuva abe nombala omuhle nezinala noma ezimthende. Eduze amaphiko ameva fin, banayo ezintathu, omunye okuyinto uba isibangeli, athumba abanye ababili.

cartilaginous izinhlanzi

Class zezinhlanzi cartilaginous ihlukile kwasekuqaleni isakhiwo amathambo, okuyinto sakhiwe sebuningini uqwanga. Bona beswela esinyeni sibhukuda, ngakho labetibambile kukholamu amanzi ukunyakaza ekhuthele kakhulu. Iningi izinhlanzi cartilaginous musa amaqanda kodwa uzozala izingane zabo.

Isakhiwo gills uhlobo kakhulu. Basuke engamboziwe ikhava gill, like inhlanzi bony, uhambe ngaphandle. Ezinye izinhlobo ukuphefumula umlomo, abanye basebenzisa spiracle futhi zokuphefumula. Yabo Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali efana namazinyo womuntu.

abameleli Class kukhona ramps oShaka kakhulu. Stingrays baye imitimba pectoral amaphiko enkulu kancane isicaba, umsila welulela nomzimba omncane. Izilwane akhule kusukela ngamasentimitha ambalwa kuze kube ngamamitha ayisikhombisa ubude. imisebe Electric babe izitho ekhethekile uyakwazi elikhiphe osenyameni zamanje 250 volts.

Sharks zimumethe phezu 450 zilwane. osayizi yabo isukela 15 amasentimitha ngamamitha angu-20. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke whale shark ubhekwa ummeleli. It udla plankton futhi akuyona yingozi kubantu. nezinye izinhlobo eziningi sasemanzini, kunalokho, kukhona eziyingozi. Iningi labo umqondo kakhulu iphunga. ushaka omhlophe, isibonelo, uyakwazi ukubamba iphunga iconsi legazi ngoba a amamitha ambalwa.

inhlanzi fancy

I nzima kunazo zonke izinhlanzi bony kuyinto inhlanzi-inyanga. Sikhula kuze kube ngamamitha amathathu ubude. Animal isicaba izinhlangothi futhi lesi sijame njengebhoksi disk nge amaphiko amabili ophumile. Faka umbala grey ansundu noma amnyama. Isifanekiso ngobukhulu ukala ayizinkulungwane 2 amakhilogremu futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelela 4.2 amamitha ngobude.

Seahorse kuyinto inhlanzi, zifana nakuba kancane kuye. Sintanta thwi ezime njengesitebhisi ihhashi chess ucezu. It ubhekwa nesihlobo esiseduze salowo esinezimila ulwandle dragon. amaphiko yakhe ayevumela zifane isitshalo yene.

Napoleon inhlanzi kungokwalabo umndeni Gubanov, okuyinto akulona ize. It has a izindebe omkhulu ogcwele. It wathola igama layo ngenxa neziqu engavamile emabunzini, efana cocked yasebukhosini.