Botany - ingxenye isitshalo wesayensi

Botany - inkambu yezinto eziphilayo esicwaninga izitshalo. Leli qembu kuhlanganisa autotrophs, eziphilayo kanye nezinye eukaryotes, kuhlanganise ezinamangqamuzana amaningi okuyinto ukuzenzela ukudla. Umbuso izitshalo - ezihlukahlukene omkhulu kwezinhlobo. Plant isayensi iye ukutadisha zinhlobo futhi ngesimiso semvelo, nokwakheka physiology izitshalo.

Yini ukutadisha wezitshalo?

Botany - ingxenye isitshalo komkhakha wezesayensi. Omunye omdala zemvelo wesayensi emhlabeni wahlanganyela esifundweni lokugayeka kokudla futhi umsebenzi eziphilayo, okubizwa ngokuthi isitshalo izitho zomzimba, kanye izinqubo wekukhula, intfutfuko kanye ukukhiqizwa kabusha.

Isayensi izitshalo unesibopho ekutadisheni ufuzo (isitshalo zofuzo), lithathelwe imvelo, indalo kanye nokusatshalaliswa womhlaba. Phakathi kwezinhlobo Kuhle kokusho geobotany, phytogeography ne-paleontology (cwaningo zamathambo).

wezitshalo umlando

Botany - ingxenye isitshalo komkhakha wezesayensi. Njengoba isayensi wezitshalo waqala cabanga, kusukela inkathi ingcindezelo European, kodwa isithakazelo wobuntu izitshalo izimpande zawo okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho. Endaweni zokutadisha ehlanganiswa izitshalo nemithi ezweni labo kanye zezinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe ezazivela phakathi uhambo eziningi. Futhi ezikhathini zasendulo, willy-nilly kwadingeka afunde lokhu noma lokhuya isitshalo. Ngisho ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, abantu baye bazama ukuhlonza ayelapha zezitshalo, inkathi wabo okhulayo.

Okusanhlamvu, izithelo nemifino kubalulekile ukuze ukuthuthukiswa zesintu. Lapho kwakungekho isayensi ngomqondo wesimanje bezwi, esintwini uphenyo izitshalo ngaphakathi inguquko wezolimo.

Izibalo ezinjalo abavelele balo neRoma lasendulo, njengoba u-Aristotle, uTheophrastus futhi uDioscorides, phakathi kwezinye isayensi ezibalulekile seyithuthuke ezingeni elisha futhi wezitshalo. UTheophrastus ngisho obizwa ngokuthi uyise wezitshalo, lapho umsebenzi amabili ayisisekelo zilotshwé baye, ziye zasetshenziselwa iminyaka 1500 futhi isasetshenziswa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Njengoba isayensi abaningi, e-Renaissance futhi kuqala inkathi yeziNguquko esontweni, futhi ekuqaleni Yokukhanyiselwa kuye kwaba khona intuthuko enkulu esifundweni wezitshalo. Microscope yasungulwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, okwenza ukuba ukuze ufunde mayelana izitshalo efana yinini ngaphambili, kuhlanganise nemininingwane ezinhle, njengokwethembeka impova phytolites. Saqala ukwandisa ulwazi hhayi kuphela mayelana izitshalo ngokwabo, kodwa futhi mayelana ukwanda kwabo, izinqubo umzimba, nezinye izici eziye kuze kube manje isivaliwe esintwini.

iqembu izitshalo

1. izitshalo elula zonke bryophytes, zingabantu ezincane, akudingeki, amaqabunga nezimpande. Mosses uthanda izindawo umswakama high futhi njalo kudingeka amanzi ukuze sizale.

2. Zonke Pteridophyte izitshalo, ngokungafani kuya wona abe izitsha kokuqhuba juice kanye namahlamvu, ekunqandeni kanye impande. Lezi zitshalo nazo sixhomeke kakhulu amanzi. Njengoba abameleli, isibonelo, horsetails futhi Izinhlobo.

3. Zonke imbewu izitshalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanjalo inzuzo ebaluleke yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nembewu. Lokhu kuqakatheke khulu, njengoba okuqinisekisa ukuphepha umbungu kanye nokugcinwa ukudla kwayo. Hlukanisa gymnosperms (pine) kanye angiosperms (izihlahla zikakhukhunathi).

isitshalo Lemvelo

Plant Lemvelo lihlukile wezitshalo, into yayo cwaningo indlela izitshalo uxhumana imvelo yabo futhi aphendule nezinguquko ezenzeka endaweni ezungezile kanye sezulu. Inani labantu bukhula futhi kudingeka izwe ngaphezulu, ngakho le nkinga ngokukhethekile okukhulu ukuvikelwa kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nesimo sengqondo sokukhathalela kibo.

Plant ngemvelo ibona nanye izinhlobo eziyisisekelo imvelo lapho ukuphila isitshalo kungaba:

• ese
• amahlathi athokomele,
• amahlathi coniferous,
• amathafa ezishisayo,
• izimfunda zone esipholile (plain)
• ezingwadule kanye nemvelo eyomile,
• izifunda ze-Mediterranean,
• umhlaba kanye namaxhaphozi,
• Lemvelo angenasawoti, ezisogwini kanye nezindawo zasolwandle nezimfunda.

uhlobo ngayine inezidingo zayo iphrofayela kwemvelo futhi olinganiselayo zezitshalo nezilwane, futhi indlela zihlangana, kubalulekile ukuze ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwaso.

Biology: Botany Isigaba

Botany - ekutadisheni isakhiwo, izindlela zokuziphilisa, ukusatshalaliswa futhi umsuka izitshalo, yena ihlola, uhlela nekwehlukanisa zonke lezi zici, kanye nokusabalalisa ngokwebalazwe, kwemvelo kanye emvelweni flora. Botany - isigaba yesayensi ye zonke ezihlukahlukene zokuphila isitshalo, okuhlanganisa eziningi amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, paleobotany study izitshalo yokuqothulwa noma zezinhlobo omile ezikhishwe izingqimba umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Isihloko cwaningo nazo imivubukulo yobufakazi ulwelwe, ama-bacterium, isikhunta futhi ulele. Ukuqonda ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu esikhathini esidlule kubalulekile samanje. Lokhu isayensi kungase kucacise ngisho ngobuntu kanye izinga zezimila kusukela Ice Age.

Arheobotanika ukusebenza ngokuya ukutadisha ukusabalala ezolimo, amanzi kwamaxhaphozi, nokunye. Botany (isitshalo biology) eqhuba ucwaningo kuwo wonke amazinga, kuhlanganise zemvelo, imiphakathi kanye zilwane, ngabanye, izicubu, amaseli kanye nama-molecule (zofuzo, oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo). Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zihlola izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo, kuhlanganise ulwelwe wona, Izinhlobo, gymnosperms futhi zezimbali (imbewu) izitshalo, kuhlanganise zasendle umusa.

Botany - ingxenye isitshalo sciences kanye zokuzalanisa izitshalo. Ekhulwini lama-20 kubhekwa inkathi yokuchuma biology, ngoba sibonga ubuchwepheshe obusha ukuthi isayensi angahlola ezingeni elisha lonke. amasu Okuthuthukile molecular biology inikela amathuluzi zakamuva ukufunda indlela izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso abahlala Umhlaba iplanethi.