Subduction - ke ... Incazelo, izinhlobo futhi inqubo subduction

On umhlabathi njalo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Kukhona ukunyakaza zomhlaba ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukuthi umuntu angenakho ngisho uzizwe kubo. Lezi izimo kukhona njalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indawo, isikhathi sonyaka. Khulisa futhi oluhlehlela ezintabeni, ikhule futhi ngomisa ulwandle. Lezi zinqubo imperceptible ukuba iso womuntu, njengoba kwenzeka kancane, milimitha ngu milimitha. Konke lokhu kungenxa ezinjengokungcoliswa esakaza futhi subduction.

subduction

Ngakho kuyini? Subduction - a zomhlaba inqubo ye crustal ukunyakaza. Ngenxa yalokho yale ngozi izingqimba rocks densest ezakha phansi olwandle, ezihambayo ukukhanya ngaphansi kwamadwala amazwekazi neziqhingi. Kuleli qophelo, isamba Amazing amandla ikhishwe - lena ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ingxenye imishini yokusaha izingodo, ukulayishwa kuya ukujula, ngo ukusabela ne magma iqala igcwale amanzi, bese lichitheke phezu kwaleyo ngokusebenzisa izimbobo mlilo. Ngakho kunomqubuko hlobo lwezintaba-mlilo.

Subduction izingqimba lithospheric - kuyingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni emhlabeni. Kuyinto nje kubaluleke njengokugwema ephefumula umuntu. Ukumisa lokhu inqubo akunakwenzeka, okungenani ngenxa ukunyakaza okunjalo kwenza bayabulawa unyaka ngamunye abantu abaningi.

subduction

Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa kakhulu crustal amapuleti zitholakala izilwandle. Subduction - into ukuthi kwenzeka yemigqa. Izoni subduction ukwaba ezimbili ipuleti onqenqemeni - phezulu, noma ehola, futhi phansi ngwenya. Kuphela uma ukuxhumana kwenzeka ukuqhuma kwezintaba nokuzamazama komhlaba. I amaningi asebenzayo subduction - indawo zokuzamazama komhlaba eqondile. Kule ndawo kukhona kakhulu ngokujulile-focus ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ukuze idatha zokuzamazama komhlaba sekuvela ukuthi le lokuhlushwa komhlaba itholakala emseleni ezijulile ngase zwekazi.

subduction ngokuqhubekayo ziqashwe kuphrofayela seismotomographic. Kukhona ngokucacile imingcele ebonakalayo futhi isiphuku yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Ngezinye ukujula okukhulu, lapho ipuleti subducting, ukuzamazama komhlaba azenzeki, ngoba ipuleti ngesikhathi ukujula iba okusamanzi (encibilikisiwe). Ngakho, ke ayisekho inika push, lapho okukhiphayo amandla. Subduction - kuyinqubo kancane. Isivinini salo kukalwa at amasentimitha ngonyaka. Ngokuyinhloko izinga yayo ezimbili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili amasentimitha ngonyaka.

subduction Continental futhi ukushayisana

Active ipuleti imingcele zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili - subduction futhi ukushayisana. Eyokuqala ethe xaxa - mayelana ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu namakhulu amakhilomitha. Eyesibili iDemo - amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili. Njengoba sesixoxile kakade, ukushayisana zenzeka phakathi amapuleti amabili - wasolwandle kanye nasemazweni. Kodwa kukhona ukungqubuzana phakathi olwandle futhi amapuleti amabili ezwekazini. Uma ukushayisana lokuqala kuholele ukuzamazama komhlaba nokuqhuma, bashayisana izingqimba yezwekazi basebenze ehlukile. I kwabantu of ungqimba lomhlaba phezu kwezwe lingaphansi kunalokhu ekujuleni kolwandle, ngakho abakwazi ukuya ekujuleni phansi. amapuleti Continental ngesikhathi ukushayisana esikhulu futhi nilimaza ku nomunye, lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwazo zonke izintaba ezinde. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu zalezi zintaba - zaseHimalaya.

Kunganjani ngezinye bangakunaki ukuphila subduction yanyamalala olwandle?

Ngezinye subduction we ekujuleni kolwandle eshona ngaphansi ipuleti sushi. Ngezinye ukujula okukhulu le ngxenye liyancibilika bese uyaphuma ngokusebenzisa mlilo. Kungani izilwandle kungukuthi elahlekile kusukela umhlaba? Lokhu kungenxa lisakazeka. Ukusabalalisa - kuyinqubo ukwakha, amasha ocean uqweqwe. Kumiswa It is alinganayo ngobukhulu kulelo ugxile subduction ngenxa. Ngo izingqimba zomhlaba zingqubuzana nazo kuhilele njalo accretion - umthamo zaleli zwekazi cortex. Ngakho, ngenxa emikhulu subsidence we wasolwandle phansi futhi ncibilika yayo, ukwakha entsha uqweqwe ocean nezwe, wanyamalala ocean eMhlabeni lasendulo - the Tethys. Kusukela naye kwakukhona amachibi kuphela, izilwandle zethu zanamuhla: eMedithera, uLwandle Azov, le iCaspian kanye Black. Ucwaningo lwamuva luye lwabonisa ukuthi endaweni Pacific Ocean zikhona izinqubo ezifana nalezo ezaholela kokufa Tethys.

I esishintshashintshayo edume kakhulu futhi ezinkulu esakaza futhi subduction ukunweba kanye iziqhingi Japanese, le Kuril, eKamchatka, emikhawulweni amazwekazi aseNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, i-Aleutian esijwayelekile Islands, eCaribbean, New Zealand ne-South Sandwich Islands.

Ukwahlukanisa izingqimba zomhlaba zingqubuzana

lapho izingqimba zomhlaba zingqubuzana ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka isakhiwo. Izinhlobo subduction uhlukaniswa kane main.

• uhlobo Andes. Lolu hlobo kuyingxenye ogwini Pacific ngasempumalanga. Le ndawo, okuyinto kuphela kumiswa uqweqwe ezisencane ekujuleni kolwandle i-engela degrees amane ngejubane elikhulu livela ngaphansi ipuleti leli zwekazi.
• Sunda hlobo. Le ndawo itholakala endaweni lapho lasendulo omkhulu olwandle lithosphere eshona ngaphansi ezwekazini. Usuka engela emaweni. Ngokuvamile, lokhu ipuleti iya ngaphansi Continental, ebusweni ekude ngezansi kolwandle.
• uhlobo uMarian. Leli wamagatsha ngo nokuxhumana ezimbili izingxenye lithosphere wasolwandle noma subduction.
• uhlobo Japanese. Lolu hlobo lwe-zone, lapho ukukhuthazwa ocean lithosphere ngaphansi ensialic esiqhingini arc.

Konke lokhu izinhlobo ezine evamile basakaza ku amaqembu amabili:

• E-East Pacific (Andes kuphela uhlobo olulodwa likhona leli qembu Leli qembu libhekene ezinkulu margin zwekazi.);
• West Pacific (zikhona zonke ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu. Leli qembu libhekene onqenqemeni ukulengiswa ka wentaba-mlilo isiqhingi lwesikhathi).

Ukuze uhlobo ngalunye, kukhona inqubo lapho subduction ejwayelekile izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ukuthi ngempela zikhona okuhlukile.

Forearc emthambekeni futhi ekujuleni kolwandle emseleni

Umsele wamanzi emseleni ezijulile libhekene ibanga ukusuka maphakathi emaphethelweni mlilo. Le libanga kusala eziyikhulu - eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu amakhilomitha, it is ezihlobene engela lapho subduction ezintweni ezingafanele. On ezindaweni kunazo asebenzayo we-margin yezwekazi ibanga lingafika amakhilomitha amathathu namashumi amahlanu.

Arcing emthambekeni siqukethe lezisekelo ezimbili - masimu futhi amaphrizimu. Prism - a ekwehleni yokuma kwayo indawo, ke okungukuthi ikhipha futhi olungaqinile uhlobo isakhiwo. Ngezansi elisemngceleni emthambekeni main, okuyinto eza ngaphezu kwamanzi, ngokuthinta nokusebenzisana kwezulu. Kumiswa nezibhebhe is by layering inhlabathi ngezansi. Lezi inhlabathi kuthiwa esikhulu uqweqwe wasolwandle kanye nalo uye ngaphansi emthambekeni ngo-amane amakhilomitha. kwakhiwa Ngakho nezibhebhe.

Endaweni phakathi iphrizimu kanye phambi kwezintaba-mlilo amanga Phezulu Omkhulu. Amabhentshi ahlukaniswe masimu. On ezindaweni flat la masimu zitholakala sedimentation lemiganu yokufafaza, basuke imali inhlabathi mlilo kanye izinhlanzi. Ezindaweni ezishisayo ku amathala Kweziningi zalezi zixhobo angagcina, kungenzeka dalulwa crystalline engaphansi amadwala noma amayunithi angaphandle.

arc Volcanic - Iyini?

Kulesi sihloko, igama elithi okukhulunywe isiqhingi, noma nge-engela elingama-mlilo. Cabanga ukuthi kuyini. Tectonically zone esebenzayo, okuyinto ezokwenzeka ezindaweni komhlaba kakhulu emikhulu, ukubizwa ngokuthi wentaba-mlilo isiqhingi arc. Siqukethe lwalugobile ngamaketanga arc emise okwamanje stratovolcanoes asebenzayo. Ngokuba abanjalo ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo libhekene alufakwa. Lokhu kungenxa semali oketshezini magma Isiqhingi. Lwesikhathi kungaba kabili noma kathathu, ifomu okhethekile - arc bifurcated. Ugobile arc ngasinye sihlukile.

amachibi abekelwe emaceleni

Le nkulumo ibhekisela nephupho noma eziningi imicengezi ezinjalo. Ziyakwazi semi ebiyelwe futhi kwakhiwa ophakathi kwezwe laseGrisi nenhlonhlo futhi lesi siqhingi arc. ayimigodi okunjalo akhiwa ngenxa yokuthi nezwekazi idabukile noma zahlukana ke ucezu ezinkulu. Ngokuvamile emadamini ezifana kwakhiwa abasha uqweqwe wasolwandle. Le nqubo kumiswa uqweqwe e amachibi awahoxise-arc lisakazeka. Bering Sea - ingenye izinhlobo amachibi, it is ebiyelwe off. akukho bufakazi obusha eminyakeni yamuva endaweni ethile kukhona rifting, ngokuvamile sithi iqiniso ukuthi subduction uqondiswe noma ngokucijile ngendaba endaweni ehlukile.