Lapho-USSR zigoqiwe? Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich

Ukuwa kweSoviet Union kwakulandelwa inqubo nokwahlukana uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho, senhlalo, sphere zezombangazwe nezenhlalo yezwe. Lapho-USSR ziwile, republic angu-15 ithola uzibuse. Le nqubo kuhambisana "umbukiso we sovereignties". M. S. Gorbachev (uNobhala Jikelele we the CPSU Central Committee) imemezele ekunqanyulweni komsebenzi okuthunyelwe. Wachaza isinqumo sakhe "Ukucabangela inqubomgomo". Republics, uMkhandlu bamukela isimemezelo. Lo mbhalo ngokusemthethweni amangalelwe ukuqedwa khona-USSR (1991, December 26).

Izizathu ngokuwa

Kuze kube manje, izazi-mlando azikwazi ukuza ukuvumelana ngalokho ncamashi kwabangela le nqubo Kwenzeka ukuvimbela nesimo esibucayi futhi ukubhujiswa yangaphakathi yezwe. Eminyakeni kweSoviet Union kwaba ngenkuthalo nokucekelwa phansi iziphathimandla, futhi baphawula ukuthi kubantu kukhona ukuguga okumangalisayo kwama-zamalungu asekhulile iyunithi. Kumele ukuthi isilinganiso seminyaka yobudala abantu Politburo, ngonyaka ka-80 th kwaba 75 amalitha. Okokuqala, kwaholela ekubeni "Inkathi emngcwabeni." Khona-ke, iyunithi eliphakeme Gorbachev oyifakile. UMikhail Gorbachev baba ngokushesha uthole amandla ukusakaza usithonye ngenxa ayesemncane ke. Ngesikhathi ukhetho yakhe njengoba uNobhala Jikelele we-lwesihlanu kwaba 54. Eminyakeni zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa imakwe i monocentrism ezehlukile bokwenza izinqumo. Leli lungelo has a kuphela "isikhungo sikahulumeni" - I-Moscow. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwaholela nokulahlekelwa isikhathi kanye nokuqaliswa ayizwakali izisombululo wendawo. Ngakho, lesi simo saholela ukugxeka ezindaweni. Abanye abalobi bakholelwa ukuthi yisandla baba ukuthambekela ubuzwe eziye zenzeka kuleli lizwe. Lapho-USSR ziwile, nemibango engokohlanga osekuthathe baye kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba. izizwe ngamunye sebekubeke kushiwo inhloso yabo ukuthuthukisa umnotho zabo namasiko. Esinye sezizathu ngokuwa ucingo kanye nobuholi ezingasebenzi. Abaholi republic wafuna balahle ukulawula okuvela kuhulumeni, futhi ukusebenzisa kwekuhlela kabusha yeningi ukuthi Gorbachev Mihail Sergeevich ahlinzekwa. Nabo obekumele ukubhubhisa esihlanganisiwe isimo simiso umphakathi usabalalise.

ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho

ESoviet Union ngaphansi Gorbachev, njengoba ngempela, futhi phambi kwakhe, imakwe kungalingani simiso esibanzi kwezomnotho. Lokhu kwabangela:

1. ukushoda unomphela ezidayiswayo.
2. Ukwanda backwardness lobuchwepheshe kuyo yonke imikhakha kule mboni yokukhiqiza.

Okusanda kwakunokwenzeka olungaba isinxephezelo kuphela ngempela ebizayo ukugqugquzela izindlela. Ngo-1987, isakhiwo wezinyathelo kwavunyelwana. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Ukusheshisa". Nokho, nekuwusebentisa practice kwakungenakwenzeka, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamathuba ezomnotho.

uhlelo bobukhulu

Lapho-USSR ziwile, sinokuqiniseka isimiso sezomnotho yayisesimweni esibucayi. Ngo 1960-70. indlela eyinhloko umzabalazo ngenxa yokuntula nemikhiqizo yabathengi ngaphansi nemibandela umnotho kuhlelwe azenzile ku izinga mass, izindleko ongaphakeme kanye kalula izinto. Iningi izinkampani usebenza amashifu amathathu. Lenza imikhiqizo efanayo izinto zokusetshenziswa of ukhwaliti ongaphakeme. Njengoba indlela kuphela nokuhlola ukusebenza izinkampani kwenziwa imigomo ambalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa eSoviet Union, liwile ngokucijile.

ukunganeliseki ethandwa

Wenza iziphazamiso njalo emikhiqizweni ukudla. Isimo ikakhulukazi acute kwaba ngenkathi yokujama tsi futhi yokwakha kabusha. Ukuntula ebonwe neminye imikhiqizo essentials nokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside (toilet paper, amafriji, njll). Izwe liye lasetshenziswa imikhawulo ezinzima futhi enqabela, futhi kunomthelela omubi isimo uquqaba. Izinga lokuphila njalo igcinwe kuze ne amandla Western. nabaqashwa Uzame ijahe amazwe, kodwa mibandela zezomnotho, basuka ayiphumelelanga.

Artificial uthi Ukuvalwa

Ukuze engu-80-th. kwaba sobala kuso sonke isibalo sabantu. Ngo-USSR, inqubo kuphoqelekile visa elikhiphe laqanjwa ukuhamba phesheya. Imibhalo edingekayo ukuze kuyiwe isimo sezenhlalo. In the state eziqhutshwa imikhawulo olunzima silalela yezwi lesitha, buthule, amaqiniso amaningi mayelana nezinkinga zangaphakathi zezombusazwe, bathola izinga eliphakeme lokuphila kwamanye amazwe. On ithelevishini futhi emaphephandabeni isinyathelo ukucwaninga. Yanyatheliswa eziningi imisebenzi izenzakalo engadingeki futhi esingaziwa emlandweni waleli zwe, wembula ubufakazi nokuvimbela shicilelo. Ngenxa yalokho, kulandele ekujezisweni mass, Novocherkassk lwalesi sibhicongo, ukuvukela emelene ngempela namaSoviet emzini Krasnodar.

Inkinga

Lapho-USSR ziwile, ezingamahlalakhona ukushoda kwezimpahla ifinyelele esiphezulu yayo. Kusukela ngo-1985, i-nabaqashwa waqala kabusha. Ngenxa okwanda nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe sabantu. Baqala ukwakha okukhulu, ubuzwe kanye olukhulu kufaka phakathi izinhlangano nokunyakaza. kwathiwa baziswa ngokomthetho e 1898 ukuthi inkinga hit izwe. Ngo-1991 th of ukudayiswa khulula wanyamalala cishe yonke imikhiqizo, ngaphandle isinkwa. Cishe zonke izindawo nezinto ngesimo amakhuphoni kwethulwa. Ngo-1991, izinga lokufa kudlulwe izinga lokuzalwa. Kwakuwusuku eqoshiwe ngokusemthethweni crisis lokuqala yezibalo.

"IMpi Yomshoshaphansi"

Phakathi kweSoviet Union iminyaka yokugcina imakwe imisebenzi asebenzayo kungasimamisi lamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Kwakuyisikhathi ingxenye "impi yomshoshaphansi." Lokuvukela ubephelezelwa 'ejenti' ukuthonywa 'ngaphakathi apharathasi elawula yezwe. Lo mbono wavezwa ezinye cwaningo ezenziwe, ngokukhethekile, eziningi amakhanda wangaphambilini we-KGB ukunyakaza wamaKhomanisi.

Boris Yeltsin

Gorbachev bazama ukugcina wonke amabutho wase-USSR. Nokho, uvikelwe ke ukwenza abakhethwe kanjalo Meyi 29, 1990 isikhundla sokuba Usihlalo Ephakeme RFSR Yeltsin. Russia wawuyingxenye eU.SSR njengoba i-republic. Yena emelelwa iningi labantu base-Union. I Central Iziphathimandla weRiphabhulikhi Russian kanye Zonke-Union, babe eMoscow. Kodwa babebhekwa njengabantu yesibili. Ngemva ukukhethwa Yeltsin RFSR waqala ukugxila isimemezelo sovereignty of Union, kanye nokwamukelwa kutimela nezinye Union kanye republic ayo ezizimele. Njengoba noSihlalo okuthunyelwe ka-Armed Forces, uye wenza ukusungulwa RFSR okuthunyelwe kaMongameli. Juni 12, 1991 wayinqoba okuthandwayo. Ngakho waba umongameli wokuqala we-Russia.

le Icebo lika

EU.SSR safinyelela obumbi ejulile kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila. Ukuze alondoloze Union futhi sokuhoxisa kulokhu kuma lenzeka iKomiti Yombuso Emergency. Lokhu umzimba yayikhona kusuka 18 kuya 21 Agasti 1991. IKomiti eziphuthumayo kuhlanganisa nezikhulu nezikhulu zikahulumeni isimo ababemelene yokwakha kabusha kwekuhlela kabusha ngofaka UMengameli obambile we-Union. Amalungu ekomidi kuqhathaniswa ukuguqulwa wezwe ibe ukuhlanganyela entsha. Amandla, inhloko okwakukhona Boris Nikolaevich Eltsin, bala ukulalela umzimba kwakhiwa, ebabizela imisebenzi anti-eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Inhloso Icebo lika kwaba ukususa Gorbachev esivela eHhovisi likaMengameli, kulondolozwe ubuqotho eSoviet Union, ekuvimbeleni ubukhosi republic sika. Izenzakalo kulezi zinsuku, kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengamadoda le putsch Agasti. " Ngenxa ukusebenza Icebo lika ukuthi ukuyiveza amalungu ayo baboshwe.

isiphetho

Ngo inqubo nokwahlukana eU.SSR ekuqaleni sinqatshiwe, bese zasheshe neyaziwayo izinkinga nomphakathi wamaSoviet. Sabalalisa ngezinga inhlekelele zokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala, ukuluthwa izidakamizwa eziyingozi, ngomzimba. Umphakathi zezwa zobugebengu, okwanda emnothweni isithunzi. Nkathi futhi eziphawuleka inani lezinhlekelele ezibangelwa technogenic (eChernobyl ingozi, igesi ukuqhuma nabanye). On kuyofika kohulumeni bamazwe kwakukhona izinkinga. Ukwenqaba ukuhlanganyela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe kwamanye amazwe kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise iconsi okukhulu ku pro-Soviet imibuso zamaKhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu ngawo-1989, isibonelo, ePoland, Leh Valensa ithola amandla (owayeyinhloko we "ISolidarity" inyunyana), eCzechoslovakia - Vaclav Havel (ophikisana nenqubo kahulumeni wangaphambili) . ERomania amaKhomanisi shift kwenzeka nokusetshenziswa ngempoqo. Ngokusho isinqumo sokwahlulela, umongameli uCeauşescu futhi kwathi unkosikazi wakhe wadutshulwa. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona kuwa isimiso samaSoviet, wadala ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili.