Kuyini kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo? Ukushayela amabutho, imithetho, izibonelo

Namuhla sizoxoxa ngalokho kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, ngani onalo. Yiqiniso, ukukhuluma ngale ndaba, thina awanakuziziba imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo esikhathini sikaCharles Darwin, ababenikele ke emhlabeni, ongagcini kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ngakho, liyini kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo? Ngaphansi lo mqondo elivame ukuqondwa nokushintshwa kancane kancane, engesiyo yethusa ngempela. Kodwa ngenxa yale nqubo zikhona izinguquko ezinkulu. Evolution in eziphilayo kungase kuholele ngisho nasezinkingeni kumiswa uhlobo olusha izidalwa eziphilayo, noma ushintsho olukhulu futhi sijwayele emidala. Asho enza kwemvelo e ngesayensi yemvelo? Yiqiniso, ukhiye. Lokhu uzobona eqeda ukufunda lo msebenzi.

kwemvelo

Manje sikhuluma okuncane mayelana nemicabango yokuthoma eqakathekileko kwalesi sihloko. Kuyini kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo? Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi lo mkhuba awushintsheki futhi ngqo exhumene ne inqubo zomlando, ukuthuthukiswa izilwane zasendle. Ungakwazi ucabangele ukuvela ezingxenyeni ngabanye noma uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli in general, zonke izinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Khumbula ukuthi ziphenduke kungaba eziphilayo.

kwemvelo Ngasekuqaleni kuqhathaniswa into efana "yokuvukela". Kodwa ngokuhamba ngenkuthalo la izinqubo ezimbili kwatholakala out: Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinto nokuvukela kunzima ukuhlukanisa kusuka komunye nomunye. Kungani? Ukuvela izigidi zeminyaka kungathatha noma sishesha. Njengoba umngcele ophakathi kwalezi izinqubo ezimbili kakhulu ezigcotshwe.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi abantu - lokhu kuwumphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okungukuthi, siye savela nezinkawu lasendulo. Lwakhiwe nge isazi sesayensi esidumile uCharles Darwin. A theory nkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukholwa noma ungakholwa, wonke umuntu unquma bebodwa, ngoba manje kunezinye yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo kungenzeka. Kodwa uma saya umsebenzi wethu wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, asinakulishalazela imfundiso kaDarwin. Sinikeza ukuqala manje.

Imfundiso kaDarwin

UCharles Darwin wakwazi okokuqala ukuchaza esintwini okungukuthi kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo. Kufanele futhi usho yokuthi bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yayisekelwe emibhalweni T. Malthus, obuze umhlaba 1778, akhe "Treatise on sabantu." Ngemva kokuhlola ukusebenza, uCharles Darwin wakwazi ukwakha imithetho eyisisekelo, amabutho ukuthi ukushayela kwemvelo. Uyini umsebenzi T. Malthus? Wachaza ukuthi kwakuyokwenzekani nathi uma kwenani labantu akuyona sibambekile yinoma yimuphi zici.

Phawula futhi ukuthi uDarwin lasidedela imfundiso yokuziphendukela Malthus kwamanye izinhlelo ophilayo, umnikelo zako ezisemqoka ukuze isayensi - kuyinto incazelo indlela ukuziphendukela kwenzeka. Waqale wethulwa welithi "ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo." Ukuphathwa singenziwa, nokuthi omunye usosayensi (AR Wallace) wakwazi ukuba afinyelele isiphetho esifanayo. Khona-ke Darwin futhi Wallace bendawonye futhi babebahle ngendlela ndawonye emhlanganweni 1858, umbiko ngokuhlanganyela, futhi ngo-1859, uCharles Darwin owethulwa emhlabeni ukusebenza, "The Origin of Species."

Imfundiso yesimanje

Ngakho, liyini kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo, yencazelo theory Charles Darwin, sinikeze kakade. Kodwa kukhona yesimanje (obizwa nangokuthi zokwenziwa) ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Sinikeza halamuzi wakhe.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Neo-kaDarwin is an olusha emuva ekhulwini lama-20, imfundiso kaDarwin - Wallace. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokulungiswa kanye kwalokho idatha entsha ezindaweni:

• zofuzo;
• paleontology;
• molecular biology;
• ngemvelo;
• ethology.

Kungani lo mbono ngokuthi zokwenziwa? Yingenxa kuba kwezici izikhundla ezinkulu emelelwa uCharles Darwin.

imithetho kwemvelo

Ngaphambi thina isho imithetho eyisisekelo, siphakamisa ucabanga ngalokho ukuvela emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, kulesi sibonelo, sizokwenza ibe umsizi omuhle. Thatha blue butterfly ukuthi uhlala Samoan Islands. Baqala ukubhubhisa izinambuzane yayiyingozi ukuba abantu besilisa. elilodwa nje unyaka i attack enjalo inani kwabesilisa anda amaphesenti angu-40. Cha, izimuncagazi futhi ngahlala lapho komakhelwane, babengakwazi izimvemvane kakade isithiyo. Ngakho kubonakala sengathi kwemvelo.

imithetho:

• izinga yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akufani;
• kumiswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha livela ngezindlela ezilula;
• kwaba nezigameko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamaciko;
• kwemvelo kungenxa ezinye zezici (kuguquka, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, drift zofuzo).

izici yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Safunda ukuthi lokhu kwemvelo kwezinto eziphilayo futhi empeleni yayo. Manje ake sixoxe izici. Bemukelwa ngenxa cwaningo kanye systematization yolwazi zanqwabelana ngokuphathelene kwemvelo. Vele ngakho ungabona futhi baqonde amabutho ukushayela ezivumela izinhlobo eziningi (ngaphansi ingashintshwa ukuze basinde) ukuhlala kule mbulunga yethu.

Ngakho, kukhona izinto eziyinhloko ezintathu kuphela:

• inqubo kuguquka ;
• amagagasi labantu;
• amaqembu ayebandlululwa.

Ukukhetha ifomu

Ukukhuluma yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa eziningana izinhlobo kwemvelo :

• eliletha ukuthula;
• ukushayela;
• okuphazamisayo.

Uhlobo lokuqala kuhloswe nokugcina ukuzinza uhlobo oluthile. Cabanga ngesibonelo sika-undlunkulu. Phakathi sekuseduze ukuba kugadle inhlekelele 136 izinyoni befa zitholakele. 64 babo bafa, njengoba sasinamaphiko ifushane noma eside. Abantu nosayizi isilinganiso ngasinda, njengoba kubonakala sengathi okuhlala isikhathi eside.

Isisusa livela ngale ndlela: ukunyamalala nemilenze e izinyoka noma amehlo ezilwaneni emhumeni, iminwe ungulates nokunye. Lokho umzimba (noma ingxenye yalo) okuyinto engadingi isilwane, umane ubalekela.

Isibonelo Ukukhetha okuphazamisayo angase umnenkhe (noma kunalokho umbala wabo). Uma umhlabathi ensundu, igobolondo kuyinto ithinti ensundu noma ophuzi.