Kuyini ikoloni? Isimo njengoba ikoloni kanye wesimanje wale elithi "ikoloni lokujeziswa"

Uyini koloni, iningi lethu basakhumbula eemfundweni umlando. Colonia kuyinto indawo engaphansi okuyinto ngaphansi kwegunya wamanye amazwe (muzi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwi asikwazi kwenziwe amandla ezombusazwe, nokulawula kusekelwe umbuso ekhethekile. izakhamuzi wedolobha amakoloni Ziningi amandla ilungelo uma eqhathaniswa kwezakhamuzi zokuqala. Ngokombono zomlando umbono, ukwakheka nemizana akushilo ukuthi uhulumeni bafuna ukwandisa sphere yayo ithonya ngenxa ukuthunjwa kwamanye amazwe futhi amazwekazi.

kusuka emlandweni

Kuyini ikoloni, siye sabona. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuba uthole kumaphi amazwe futhi kanjani iqhaza kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni kwamazwe ahlukahlukene. Ngakho, phakathi kokulawulwa umnyuziki XVI ekhulwini phezu zwekazi American wathatha iSpain, futhi amakoloni Spanish matasa cishe zonke izilwane zaseNyakatho Melika, kanti kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ayikwazanga uwine okungenani ingxenye izwe American. Nokho, ukuphishekela zegolide nezesiliva wayeka abaseSpain ukulawula endaweni yawo ngokuphumelelayo, futhi impi eside ne Netherlands libukelwa phansi kakhulu kungenzeka Spain. Konke lokhu okuye kwathinta yokuthi waseNgilandi esithuthuka ngokushesha ukuba bahole ekunqotshweni emhlabeni.

ukulawula amakoloni nezinqubomgomo wamakoloni yamazwe ahlukene

Amakoloni lokuqala eNyakatho neMelika ezavela ekhulwini XVII., Owakhiwa izifiki ezivela eFrance, England nase-Holland. kwatheleka IMisa kwaba bamakoloni ngesiNgisi. Lesi sivumelwano sokuqala English lapha waqala Virginia ke ogwini Atlantic uvele 13 elinabantu kuhlanganiswe idlula abantu 2.5 million. Mangisho ukuthi abokuzalwa kwa igama Iroquois futhi Algonquin abokuqala iphathwa ukuze bamakoloni ngempela ukubekezela, thina wasifundisa izinto eziningi. Yilokho kanye amaNdiya bakwazi ihlanganise baseYurophu ziphile ezimweni ezahlukene ngokuphelele. Kodwa kwathi njengophawu "ukubonga" kokugcina ngohla ezweni wendawo nabakhileyo yaphenduka izigqila. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le nsimu ebuswa ngokuqondile England, okungukuthi, inkosi yabamisela umbusi isiphetho ngamunye. Kwakukhona yonke inhlangano wamakoloni lapho abavoti abone umbusi wesikhathi esizayo.

Ingqikithi yalo mgomo ukuqinisekisa, ukugqilaza futhi baxhaphaze labantu ngenhloso letsite. Kungokufanayo kwenziwa ngisho eRoma nezinye uthi slaveholding, lapho izinceku bathunjwa, bangabi yizigqila zewayini aphanga lizwe, bayithethe ezihlukahlukene ingcebo nezisetshenziswa. Bokuqala imibuso wamakoloni waqala eSpain nasePortugal, okuyinto akhiwa ngokushesha ngemva kweGreat Okutholakele Geographical. Ngakho, i-Spanish sigqilazwe eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika, Portugal wayivula kanjani indlela eya eNdiya, ngaleyo ndlela ekuthumbeni ugu lweNyakatho Afrika kanye neBrazil. emakhulwini ngizoqothulwa ezinkulungwane abantu wezigqila bemdzabu izifunda lonke nasezifundazweni.

Ukukhuluma yokuba ikoloni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kwaba amakoloni sokuqala ngqa ngesiGreki. Kodwa kule ndawo inqubo kumiswa zikahulumeni ezintsha ezakhiwe ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele, okungukuthi, ngamunye wabo kufanele kube ezimele. Kwavela ukuthi ikoloni luye lwasiza ekusindiseni Greece kusuka ukuqhuma kwezenhlalo, njengoba muzi abazange bahileleke kuyo amabutho yingozi futhi alien. Ngokuvamile, lokhu isimo akuzona abangophakimpi kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, waseFrance. Ngo 1713, ikoloni French sakhiwe izifundazwe ezinhlanu kulokho manje eCanada nase-United States, okungukuthi Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, New Earth Louisiana.

ikoloni Spanish ye-Nguqulo Yezwe yaqala lapho uColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika ngo-1492. Sibe ukuthola indlela eya kwelaseNdiya, lapho kungaba ephephile futhi esheshayo. Ngenxa yalokho, abacwaningi baye kancane kancane ukunwetshwa amakoloni Spanish. Zonke iziqhingi namazwe ukuthi besendleleni eya kwelaseNdiya Columbus, wayekholelwa kwezihloko Spanish: eBahamas, Haiti, Cuba, Tortuga, Antilles Lesser, Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe - konke lokhu kwaba ingxenye ezibonakalayo Spanish.

izindawo US

Zonke amakoloni North American zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu 3. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, okuyinto bahlanganiswe igama ezivamile - New England. Lapha wabusa umoya luyingxenye NgesiZulu, umkhakha ngenkuthalo asathuthuka. Iqembu lesibili elihlanganisiwe amakoloni eningizimu (lokhu Virginia, iNyakatho neNingizimu Carolina, Georgia). Lapha ngesisekelo emnothweni zaba ipulazi, okuyinto baqashwe Negros. Phakathi kwala maqembu amabili ezindaweni ezibekwe amakoloni North American, okwakukhona amapulazi asebenzayo, ukuthuthukisa izigodi. Yayihlanganisa endaweni ezungeze New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, eNew Jersey.

Kwaba amandla ngobukhulu wamakoloni, futhi nase-England, kancane kancane ukubusa yayo womhlaba, yibona abanqoba eFrance, eHolland, Spain, Portugal naseNdiya. Izwe lase-United ezilandelayo endleleni British babe China ne-Afghanistan. Kwakungemva amaphuzu bamba eGulf of England kwakungase kube isizwe esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni futhi wahlala kulo isikhundla phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu XIX.

Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umzabalazo supremacy zomhlaba sekuholele yokuthi yaqala ukubonakala nezimpi eziningi kanye nezingxabano esezinesikhathi zikhona, okuyinto zaba zimbi ngu nentuthuko engalingani kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe capitalism. EJalimane, e-Italy, US naseJapane wenzé konke amandla namakhono abo ukuze bathole igunya lakhe.

Ngisho ezikhathini zanamuhla phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili Umhlaba Izimpi - owokuQala Second neMpi Yezwe - isimo kancane kancane waqala ukuzikhulula nengcindezelo. Ngakho, ngo-1943, uzibuse Syria naseLebanoni, ngo-1945 - Vietnam Indonesia. Kamuva kancane kancane ezikhishwe futhi lonke isimo. Ngakho-ke eyafezwa nokuwa uhlelo wamakoloni emhlabeni.

Njengoba kwakuya kuphela ukubusa lwenziwe

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi koloni, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ke kwenziwa abaphathi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izwe ngalinye ukuphishekela umgomo yayo ukudala izindawo ezinjalo. Othile bazama uwine isikhala esiningi bese usetha kuso izintambo ngokuphelele. Amanye amazwe waphishekela imigomo kuphela zemfundo kanye expansionist. Noma yimuphi amakoloni - French noma IsiZulu - Cinisekisa ungqimba zabantu elite, ulimi olusemthethweni ulimi neyaziwayo we abanikazi bamakoloni.

Amakoloni Kwamiswa ngakho njengoba ukubhekana nezinkinga eziningana. Ngokombono kwezomnotho, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba baxhaphaze imithombo yemvelo kanye womuntu. Ukudala amakoloni emhlabeni, abanqobi nokwandisa imizila yezohwebo kanye nezimakethe. imigomo inqubomgomo Foreign kufezekiswe, okuyinto zazibangelwa izithakazelo geo-zamasu. Zwisisa ukuthi koloni, kunzima, uma kungekhona ukwazi izici zayo. Yini ehlukanisa kule nsimu? Okokuqala, ukwencika zezombusazwe kanye khona ilungelo elingokomthetho ekhethekile. Okwesibili, ukuhlukaniswa womhlaba. Okwesithathu, umehluko Aboriginal futhi muzi ngokuya inkolo namasiko.

nencazelo entsha yegama umqondo

Namuhla, thina awusayazi into ezifana ekoloni lokujeziswa. Lesi sikhungo, equkethe izakhamuzi omdala, ekuboshweni futhi bangaboshwa nokuboshwa. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu amakoloni-nemizana, kuye ngohlobo lobugebengu amajele:

1. Ukuze abantu abaye icala engahlosile.

2. Kulabo bantu fela for okokuqala i ubugebengu obenziwa lokulimala okuncane noma okusesilinganisweni.

3. Kulabo bantu zinezikhathi ngasohlangothini oluhle.

Nokho, noma yimuphi umbuso amakoloni kwezimilo ukunikeza ukuthi zonke izigaba zabantu akuzona oswela ukuvikelwa njalo noma Amazing. Kulokhu, zonke iziboshwa zithola ukujeziswa zonke izinhlobo nemizana izimo ezifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azigcini ukunyakaza khulula endaweni kanye kwemvume ekuphathweni Lingase engaqashiwe ngaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, nesidingo esingaka ezingase ziphakame uma belahlwa nesidingo sokutadisha noma ukusebenza ngaphandle kokukhokha.

imibuso wamakoloni

Uhlobo isikhungo lapho umuntu olahlwe izothunyelwa, kuye ngokuthi yiziphi inkantolo sizomisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ekamu-isiphetho Ukuthumela yicala ugwetshelwe isenzo kobukhulu encane noma okusesilinganisweni zokungacabangi ngamabomu. Labor koloni eyenzelwe labo beswela inkululeko yabo ngoba eye izenzo ezimbi zobugebengu. Lesi sivumelwano umbuso esiqinile wathumela iziboshwa, ngubani kwabalelwa inhlawulo the amacala abucayi kakhulu, uzibophezele okokuqala, noma nalabo abaye benza izenzo futhi. I ekhethekile umbuso koloni indoda equkethwe wagwetshwa udilikajele. Emakoloni kwezimilo abameleli nabesifazane ezahlukene eziqukethwe ngamunye.

Kuyini infrared?

Zonke izinhlobo zosizo kwezimilo babe izici ezivamile. Ngakho, le ndawo izoni zezimboni, ehlanganisa izakhiwo zezimboni kanye indawo yokuhlala. It ihlukaniswe yaba izifunda lendawo lapho yakhiwe zokulala iziboshwa. Iningi IR kukhona ekamelweni lokudlela, umtapo, esikoleni, egunjini labagulayo, club, okugeza, endlunkulu (zikhona nabaqashwa). Ngokuvamile, lapho endaweni has a isonto noma indawo yokukhulekela, kanye amakamelo imihlangano.

Ensimini ka umbuso jikelele iziboshwa ukuhlala agcinwa amaseli ikhiyiwe, futhi le ndawo abantu 20-50 ungahlala. Lapho ezinye iziboshwa ungene izindlela kwasakazwa the dorm noma emabhalekisini. Emakamelweni azo emithathu temandla bunks, lapho umuntu oyedwa has 7 sq.m. isikhala. Labo iziboshwa udilikajele, eziqukethwe-indoda amabili amaseli. Ezinye IC angabuzwa ukuhlala ngedwa. Kulesi ehostela, ngaphandle esinamakamelo, kukhona igumbi lapho ukugcina izimpahla zabo, igumbi sigqoka, ikamelo lesidlo kanye "ekhoneni elibomvu", lapho izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zamasiko.

Zonke amakoloni ngaphandle ukuthi umbuso akhethekile baye Esplanade lapho iziboshwa ubusungena isikhathi sabo esikhululekile. Kukhona futhi izindawo kubulawa isijeziso ngenxa yokuziphatha: iseli isijeziso (iziboshwa lapha ingaqukatha kuze kufike izinsuku ezingu-15) futhi cell-uhlobo izakhiwo (yisigwebo esingangezinyanga eziyisithupha iziboshwa ukukhonza lapha).

ikoloni zabesifazane

Eminyakeni yamuva, iziboshwa, abesilisa nabesifazane, maningi amathuba okuba badonsa izigwebo zabo ezindaweni ezahlukene. Amakoloni ngoba abameleli "ubulili esibuthakathaka 'kukhona izindawo umbuso jikelele, lapho bekhonza khona ngenxa yokubulala, ukugqekeza, ukubamba inkunzi, ukukhwabanisa yini kwezinye izigameko zobugebengu kwezomnotho, kanye imisebenzi yokulwa nezidakamizwa. Ikhaya lezintandane eziqhutshwa at 13 nemizana Russian. Kulokhu, umama nezingane ihlale ngokwahlukana, wahlangana usuku lonke ihora elilodwa. Emajele zabesifazane, njengasezindaweni eziningi zalezi izilungiso, kunezizathu eziqinile, njalo nemibandela ukuhlala lula. Kuye lolu hlobo, abesifazane bangase babe eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuvakashelwa phakathi nonyaka.

Convict ongahlala ngaphandle IR nomkhaya noma izingane. Nokho, izimo ezinjalo awavamile. Kanye ngenyanga, iziboshwa ungabiza izihlobo noma omunye umuntu, kodwa kumele kuqala wenze isikhalo esibhaliwe. Ingxoxo ne ihlala imizuzu engu-15 kuphela. Ngokungafani amadoda, abesifazane bangathola esingenamkhawulo ukuthi amaphasela. Zihlala zokulala abantu 100-120 kwelinye Barrack. Umsebenzi iyiphi ekoloni lokujeziswa ineqhaza elikhulu, ngoba iningi yiziboshwa yithuba elihle ukuze uthole okungenani kancane. Nokho, ngemva zonke izimali ezibanjwayo ungase uthole ukuthi iholo kuyinto ruble 500 kuphela.

ikoloni Wezingane

Ngenye indlela, lolu hlobo isikhungo ngokuthi "ikoloni zemfundo" lapho ukuthumela izingane. Abakwazi liyokwahlulelwa ngesenzo ngamabomu kobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Lokhu ukuthumela izingane ngubani idluliselwe kusuka kwamanye amajele. Labo intsha esikhulakhulile abaye bahileleka ngenhloso, eziqukethwe umbuso esiqinile. Ezisezikhungweni efanayo nalabo ngokuvamile ubani i- oda ukuhlala ejele, kanye labo zidluliselwa kusukela izimo lula. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha angadluliselwa emuva, uma ukukhonza lomusho ngokuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho.

Lesi sikhungo engamahlongandlebe kwezimilo, lapho inani efakwe futhi wasisekela umbuso iziboshwa bahlala enziwa izindawo zokulala. Basuke bavunyelwe okulandelayo:

- ikhono ukuthola indlela essentials ngenyanga imali kwi-akhawunti yakhe siqu (esibalelwa 60% amaholo);

- ukuvakashelwa ezimbili eside ngonyaka eziyisithupha esifushane futhi;

- 8 amaphakheji / izinhlelo, futhi 8 amaphasela ngonyaka.

Iziboshwa ezigwetshwe isikhathi ezimweni ekhululekile, futhi uhlala e-dorms. Izici zikhona athé ukwehluka:

- ku-okusemqoka kusho ukuthi ungachitha 120% we amaholo;

- ngonyaka obekufanele 12 esifushane futhi 4 ukuvakashelwa eside, futhi eside ukuvakashelwa kungathatha indawo ngaphandle ikoloni zemfundo, uma kwamukelwa Administration;

- ngonyaka bathole 12 esiza / izakhiwo kanye amaphakheji efanayo.

Uma belahlwa esungulwe ukukhonza lo musho izimo ezikahle, aphile zokulala nangaphandle indawo, ngaphandle ukuvikelwa, kodwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa ekuphathweni. Lawo maqembu walahla izinzuzo eziningi, ezihlanganisa ikhono ukuchitha lemali edingekile of izimali ngonyaka, ukuthola inombolo engenamkhawulo amaphakheji kanye amaphasela, ukuphila ngaphandle ngaphonswa egqoke izingubo zomsebenzi.

Izingane ikoloni izimo elawula kuhilela ababehlala ezindaweni ezicezile yokuhlala, okuyinto zivaliwe ngesikhathi sabo esikhululekile. Abakwazi ukuchitha imali ekulandiseni 30% amaholo, ukwamukela amaphasela 4/4 ukuwudlulisa amaphasela futhi ube 4 kuvakasha kwesikhashana akuyona ngonyaka.

Imithetho sokuhlala esikhungweni sokuqondisa engamahlongandlebe kwezimilo

Njengomthetho, iziboshwa abaneminyaka engu-18 ubudala kungaba ukuhlala ejele iminyaka engu-21. Ngezinye ezindinganisweni ezifanayo ukudla, izimo lokukhonza umutjho bese okusele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zinjalo, futhi lokho kwenzeka eminyakeni engu-18 ubudala. Labo iziboshwa eziye zaphetha engu-18 ubudala futhi abangu libhekene negative, idluliselwe isigwebo okwengeziwe ekoloni lokujeziswa, futhi isinqumo esithathwe yinkantolo. Ezinye izindaba zika-engu-21 zithunyelwa ekoloni lokujeziswa. Kulokhu, ngemva kokukhonza kwezinyanga ezingu-9 abatholwe benecala koloni angadluliselwa izimo jikelele.

Imodi eqinile: Yiziphi izici?

New Russian Criminal Code kusikisela ukuthi udilikajele - uhlobo okunye nesigwebo sentambo ngokuba amacala abucayi kakhulu. Udilikajele inikezwa kulezi zimo ezilandelayo:

- uma lokhu kubulala uzibophezele nge owayephethe izimo;

- uma sokwephulwa kwe okwakunikelwe esandleni isimo noma inhlangano yomphakathi;

- uma senziwa umzamo ukuphila komuntu ubani okhipha nobulungisa uqhuba uphenyo;

- uma kwake kwazanywa empilweni amaphoyisa aqapha;

- phakathi nokuqothulwa.

Udilikajele akabalwa olubhekiswe kwabesifazane, izingane nabantu abangakwazi ngesikhathi isigwebo kukhona engaphezu kuka-60, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Criminal Code awukudla umusho ezifana inyumbazana we isiboshwa emphakathini. Ngakho, iziboshwa bagwetshwe udilikajele, baza sebenzela isigwebo sakhe ekoloni lokujeziswa, sihlukanisiwe nezinye iziboshwa.

Ngakho, kulesi sihloko esiye sazama ukwenza ukuthi le ikoloni. Yiqiniso, namuhla leli gama kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso esenzeka elihluke ngokuphelele ukuphila kwethu. Ngomqondo jikelele kakhulu kuleli koloni njengoba endaweni avaliwe sisekelo wayo, imithetho kanye umbuso sabonakala emajele yesimanje.