Kwezakhi njengesici esibangela i-kwemvelo

inqubo Kwezakhi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingenye izingxenye ezibalulekile kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa. Ezimweni eziningi, ekuqaleni kunomphumela ongemuhle phenotype ngabanye. Nokho, njengoba esikhubazayo alleles Ushintshe abakhona, ngokuvamile ezakhi zofuzo e genotypes heterozygous ngesikhathi Locus ezifanele. Ake sicabangele phambili indima inqubo kuguquka ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo.

Uhlolojikelele

Kwezakhi - ushintsho okungazelelwe ngokulandelana sokucasuka ukuguqulwa abukhali tekusebentisa isakhi zofuzo. Kugcine ihlelwe ku yokwehlayo izakhi ezihlukahlukene kusukela amasayithi yamangqamuzana samanje ngaphakathi isakhi sofuzo ku-chromosome futhi genomes. Kwezakhi - ingcindezi labantu isici. Ngoba kuyahlukahluka ukuvama eyodwa allele ngokuhlobene nezinye.

umphumela omuhle

Ngenxa yokuba khona alleles asabekayo echibini isakhi sofuzo ku genotype heterozygous ayifakiwe umphumela oqondile omubi uwukubonakaliswa esihlobene phenotypic ukuthi ilawulwa isakhi sofuzo.

Ngenxa ubungqabavu hybrid (heterosis), izakhi eziningi isimo heterozygous njalo nomthelela ukusebenza umzimba.

Ngu alleles ukugcina, ezingenakho ukubaluleka oluhambelana imvelo samanje khona, kodwa bayakwazi uyithenga noma esikhathini esizayo, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye niches emvelweni, bakha inqolobane kokuhlukana.

Okushiwo kuguquka

Ukubaluleka yingoba ngesikhathi nesenzakalo njalo izinguquko okuvele inhlanganisela yawo zenzeka ukweqa inhlanganisela ezintsha zofuzo kanye nenguquko. Lokhu, nakanjani kuholela izinguquko emphakathini yokhokho. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Indima inqubo kuguquka ukukhulisa heterogeneity zofuzo. Nokho, ngaphandle iqhaza nezinye izinto, akusiyo esimweni ukuqondisa ukuguqulwa kwabantu okungokwemvelo.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Kwezakhi - umthombo zokucathula reserve impahla kokuhlukana. Ukubukeka ukuguqulwa has uhlobo izibalo kanye probabilistic. ukubaluleka kwemvelo yenqubo iwukuba silondoloze heterogeneity okusezingeni eliphezulu kwenani zemvelo, iqhaza kumiswa alleles ehlukahlukene ukuvela izakhi zofuzo entsha. inqubo Kwezakhi kudala uhla eligcwele kokuhlukana othile isakhi sofuzo pool. Ngezinye flow yayo njalo it has non-ohlangothini nemvelo okungahleliwe.

ngokucacile

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Kwezakhi senzeka isikhathi ezimpilweni zabo. Ezinye kugucuka singenzeka izikhathi eziningana eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene. Ezakhi zofuzo bangaphansi kwethonya njalo yenqubo wezakhi. Lokhu kulinganiswe awokuthi ukulahlekelwa kunombolo iyunithi ushintsho izizukulwane. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. a ingcindezi elincane ngenxa isakhi sofuzo somuntu ngamunye inombolo enkulu isakhiwo yamuva zofuzo Nakuba inqubo kuguquka has asitholayo izinguquko ezinkulu.

Mshini futhi imiphumela

Ngenxa Ukunqamula okuqhubekayo kukhona inhlanganisela eziningi alleles. Combinatorial bofuzo ngokuphindaphindiwe uhlola ukubaluleka ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Bona ukungena genomes emisha ivela ezindaweni ezahlukene genotypic. Inombolo bezikhali inhlanganisela ezinjalo eziyisisekelo zofuzo phakathi labantu nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Nokho, waqaphela kuphela sekuvele ingxenyana encane inombolo theory cishe ongakhetha. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the ukwabelana kunqunywa nhlanganisela eyingqayizivele cishe wonke umuntu. Lokhu isici kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaliswa kwemvelo.

ubonisa izici

Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo kukhona zokucathula impahla kwemvelo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana kubo: ocwaningweni, chromosomal, zofuzo. Phakathi izici ukubonakaliswa yokwanda koshintsho kufanele ukwaba imiva yabo. Iveza degree of phenotypic zaba namandla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nobuntu penetrance. Kuyinto imvamisa ukubonakaliswa phenotypic kwelinye allele ka isakhi esithile ezweni elinabantu kungakhathaliseki expressivity.

zofuzo

Zimelela ukulandelana ukuguqulwa nucleotide. Kwezakhi kulokhu kushintsha isimo isakhi sofuzo senzo. Ngokuvamile kukhona ushintsho yamangqamuzana, okubangela umphumela phenotypic. Ake sithi isakhi esithile e iphuzu amakhodi ethize abe esephepheni TTC ngoba glutamic acid. Lapho esikhundleni kuphela nucleotide engashadile, ezingenza abe codon GTT. Ngeke iqhaza synthesis glutamic acid glutamine. Lasekuqaleni futhi asabekayo amaprotheni molecule zihlukile, futhi cishe kuzobangela yesibili phenotypic ukwahluka uhlamvu. I ukufanisana esiqondile allele entsha kuzokwenzeka kuze kube isikhathi lapho ushintsho entsha ngeke kwenzeke. Lapho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ngaleyo ndlela kukhona uchungechunge noma isisi izakhi homologous. Ungenza kube isiphelo reverse. Ukuba khona allelic kokuhlukana at isakhi esithile kusho ukuthi ngesikhathi esithile kuthiwa soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka.

ngaphezu kwalokho

Heterozygous genotype diploid, "a DNA buthule" - konke isicupho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Lapho nokuwohloka ikhodi yofuzo, le rarity ka okuvela kugucuka ukhulume yokulungisa umonakalo. izinqubo Mutational kumele kwenzeke esikhathini eziphilayo ezikhona usahlala imvamisa ezithile. Kufanele kube ngokwanele ukuba ushintsho lapho labantu ngabe liboniswe ezingeni elisha. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo atholakala lokuhlala ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye zazo kufanele ubambe iqhaza kule nqubo zomlando yentuthuko eziphilayo, sandla kumiswa taxa entsha. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo bavame ukuba kwenzeke ngaphandle ushintsho, discretely futhi ngokuphazima kweso. lolu shintsho kuyoba kanye esitebeleni. It is adluliselwa ukuba inzalo. kuphakama hhayi directionally Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo. Ushintsho Kungashiwo okufanayo liphindwe izikhathi eziningana.

Inani oluhambelana

Iningi izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka entsha kuhluke ukusebenza kakhulu aphansi ukwedlula zasendle / uhlobo evamile. Ngakho lubonakaliswa ntshashintshe kusukela ezicashile ukuze subvitalnogo isimo isigamu-ebulalayo nezinguzunga ezibulalayo. Esikhathini ukuhlaziya ukubaluleka impukane Drosophila izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka avela ngesikhathi izinguquko X chromosome, u-90% abantu kwaba lingaphansi kunalokhu okujwayelekile. Ngo-10% isimo supervitalnoe waphawula - anda ubungqabavu. Ngokuvamile, ukubaluleka oluhambelana we izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka sibonakala, ngokuvamile encishisiwe. It libhekene Umbuso indawo ukusebenza izici morphological kanye nenzalo, ukusebenza bokuphila.