Kuphi ukuthungwa kwe-deep-sea okukhona? Izitshalo ezijulile ze-oceanic

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, ukujula kolwandle kubheka abantu. Amanzi, njengoba eyaziwa, ahlala ngaphezu kuka 2/3 womhlaba. Ngakho-ke, ingahlola isikhathi eside kakhulu. Izitshalo ezijulile ze-oceanic namuhla ziheha abaningi ososayensi. Akumangalisi ukuthi, ngemuva kwalokho, isintu sekuyisikhathi eside sifuna ukwazi okungaziwa. Ukwengeza, ama-gutters asezindaweni ezijulile ebalazweni avele maduzane.

Kodwa-ke, amathuba okusebenza akusivumeli ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi sikwanelise ilukuluku lethu. Ama-Oceans asalondoloze ngokuphepha imfihlakalo eminingi efihlekile ngaphansi kwekholomu yamanzi. Abantu kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 baqala ukutadisha ama-depression kanye nezintili ezijulile. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi sizoba nezindawo ezanele zokucwaninga isikhathi eside.

Kuphi ukuthunjwa okujulile kolwandle okukhona

Kuyaziwa ukuthi phansi kwe-World Ocean iyithafa elilele ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili kuya kumamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisithupha. Izansi ezindaweni ezithile ziphelile, njengamabimbi, ukuchotshozwa. Zinezansi ezihlukahlukene. Lezi ziphuzo zikhona ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokusebenza kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8 ukujula kwabo.

Yeka indlela okujulile ngayo-ukuthuthwa kolwandle kubonakala

Ukuvela kwazo kuhlotshaniswa nezinqubo ezenzeka ezinsukwini zakudala, lapho uMhlaba wethu usungulwa kuphela. Namuhla kunzima ukucabanga ngaleyo minyaka lapho iplanethi yayingekho olwandle. Noma kunjalo, kube khona izikhathi ezinjalo.

Umuntu namanje akanalo ulwazi oluningi mayelana nezinqubo ezenzeka endaweni yonke. Noma kunjalo, siyazi okuthile mayelana nemvelaphi yamaplanethi. Masishiye i-theory yaphezulu eceleni bese sikutshele lokho isayensi ecabanga ngakho. Ubuvunguvungu, obunamandla amakhulu, ama-balls aphikisiwe amaplanethi avela efwini elibandayo elinegesi nothuli. Le nqubo ingaqondwa kangcono ngokucabangela indlela umsikazi ophethe ngayo inhlama evela enhlama. Yiqiniso, lezi zengubo aziphendulelanga ifomu elihle. Noma kunjalo, base behamba ukuhamba kuyo yonke indawo.

Imfundo yezintaba-mlilo

Ukujula kweplanethi yethu phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi eziyinkulungwane zokuhamba kwesikhala kuye kwafudumala kakhulu. Lokhu kwakuthonywe amandla okugwedla amandla, kanye nokubola kwe-radioactive ye-isotopes ngokuphila isikhathi eside. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakukhona ama-isotopa amaningi anjalo. Kubonakala sengathi amathumba eplanethi yethu ayeseyinto efana nesithando se-nyukliya - ingxenye engaphezulu yesigqoko seMhlaba yaphela . Futhi kwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zaqala ukusebenza. Umthamo omkhulu wegesi, umlotha nomoya wamanzi waqala ukuwaphonsa. Futhi emithambekeni yezintaba-mlilo zigeleza umlilo.

Ukuvela kwamachibi kanye nolwandle oluyinhloko

Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo, iplanethi yethu yayigcwele inkungu. Yanyamalala ngemuva kwamafu, ahamba nawo, ngaphezu kwamagesi ashisayo, izixuku ezinkulu zamanzi. Kumele kuthiwa ngalezo zinsuku zomhlaba kwakungekho kushisa. Ososayensi baye benza ucwaningo, okwakubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa eplanethi ngeminyaka yokuqala eyizigidigidi zempilo yakhe alizange lidlule ku-15 ° C.

Umphuzi wamanzi okupholisa wawa phezu komhlaba ngoMhlaba ngamaconsi e-condensate . Ngenxa yalokho, okokuqala kwahlanganiswa ngamachibi ngamanye namachibi. Okokuqala, ubuso bomhlaba, njengoba usuyazi manje, abuzange buthelele futhi bushelelezi. Noma kunjalo, lezi zinhlawulo zanda ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuqhuma komlilo. Amanzi agcwalisa izigodi ezijulile. Zonke ezinkulu zaba amachibi ahlukene, aze ahlangane. Ngakho-ke olwandle oluyinhloko lakhiwa. Incazelo echazwe ngenhla yanikezwa u- Otto Yulievich Schmidt, ososayensi waseSoviet. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyi-hypothesis ephikisanayo, njenganoma iyiphi enye efana nayo. Kodwa-ke, akekho oye wafaka inguqulo eyengeziwe.

Ukuthuthwa kwe-Tectonic

Manje uyazi ukuthi lezi zinsika zakha kanjani. Ziyizintambo zomhlaba. Kuphi ukuthungwa kwe-deep-sea okukhona? Zitholakala kokubili emhlabathini nasezansi kolwandle nolwandle. Umsuka wabo ikakhulukazi i-tectonic. Ngamanye amazwi, ixhunywe nomsebenzi wezintaba-mlilo zeplanethi yethu. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthwa kwe-tectonic kuningi kakhulu. Ziyizindawo lapho kuncike khona ukuqhutshwa okuqhubekayo koqweqwe lweMhlaba ngenxa yezinqubo ezenzeka kwisigqoko (ingxenye yaso engenhla, okuthiwa yi-asthenosphere).

I-Asthenosphere

Igama elithi "asthenosphere" livela ngamagama amabili esiGreki. Omunye wabo uhunyushwa ngokuthi "obuthakathaka", kanti owesibili - "ibhola". Cishe 800-900 km ubukhulu be-asthenosphere. Yingxenye enkulu yeselula yomhlaba. I-asthenosphere isincane kakhulu kunengxenye engezansi yengubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunwebeka kakhulu, ngoba ubuningi bayo bugcwele magma encibilikisiwe, enemvelaphi ejulile. Esikhathini se-asthenosphere, kukhona ukuphuma njalo, khona-ke ukunciphisa kwezinto. Ngakho-ke, i-magma ihamba njalo. Yese yehla, bese iphakama.

I-Lithosphere

Isigqoko ngokuqinisekile sifihla igobolondo eliqinile, elinamandla lomkhumbi womhlaba, obanzi bawo bufinyelela ku-70 km. Umthamo womhlaba, kanye nengxenye ephezulu yesigqoko ndawonye bese udala i-lithosphere. Leli gama linemvelaphi yesiGreki futhi liqukethe amagama amabili. Owokuqala kubo "ngetshe", kanti eyesibili "yi-sphere". I-magma enamanzi, ekhuphuka ejulile, ilula (kuze kube sekuphukeni) ukukhanya komhlaba. Ngokuvamile, izikhala ezinjalo zenzeka ngokucophelela olwandle. Ngezinye izikhathi ukunyakaza kwama-magma kuholela ekushintsheni ngesivinini sokujikeleza komhlaba, ngakho-ke ukuma kwawo.

I-lithosphere ayiyona ikhava eqhubekayo ehambisanayo. Iqukethe ama-slabs amakhulu angu-13 - amabhlogo, ubukhulu obuvela ku-60 kuya ku-100 km. Zonke lezi zingcwecwe ze-lithospheric zinezimbali zomhlaba kanye ne-continental crust. Okukhulu kunazo zonke yi-American, Indo-Australia, i-Antarctic, i-Eurasian ne-Pacific.

Ukuhamba kwama-slabs nezitsha ezijulile

Esikhathini esedlule, kwakunezinye iziphakamiso zamanzini namazwekazi, okuchazwa ukuhamba kwamapuleti. Namuhla, i-American ne-Afrika ihamba kancane kancane. Ipuleti laseMelika lihamba kancane liya ePacific, futhi ipulazi lase-Eurasian liyasondela e-Afrika, ePacific nase-Indo-Australia.

Ukunyakaza komkhumbi womhlaba ngenxa yomsebenzi we-tectonic kubonwe kuzo zonke izikhathi zomlando weplanethi yethu. Lezi zinsika nazo zakha ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Zibonakala ngezikhathi ezehlukene zezwe. Izindleko zokugcoba ezigciniwe nezigcwala zigcwalisa izitsha zasendulo. Futhi omncinyane kubonakala ngokucacile ekusizeni kwenhlabathi yethu. Ngakho-ke, akunzima kuba ososayensi ukucacisa ukuthi ukuphi okujulile kwezilwandle kutholakala kuphi.

Ifomu lemigodi

Ukuthunjwa komhlabathi womhlaba kungavalwa kokubili kusuka kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, futhi kubaningi babo. Ngokujwayelekile ububanzi bafinyelela amashumi namakhulu amakhilomitha, okungajwayelekile - izinkulungwane. Njengomthetho, ukuma kwabo ezindaweni ezinokuthula zeplanethi yethu kungcono kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi - oval. Kodwa ezinkampeni zamaselula, lapho kutholakala khona ama-deep depression, banefomu elilinganayo. Lapha zivame ukulinganiselwa amaphutha.

Ama-deepwater gutters

Ukuchithwa - hhayi ukubizwa kuphela kwezinto eziphilayo ezithandekayo kithi. Muva nje, ekhomba kubo, ngokuphindaphindiwe bathi "ama-water gutters ajulile." Iphuzu liwukuthi lo mbono uveza ngokunembile uhlobo lwezintambo zalolu hlobo. Ziningi emkhakheni, zesikhashana phakathi kolwandle nolwandle. Izintambo eziningi ezijulile ziyi-Ocean Ocean. Kukhona ukuthunyelwa okungu-16 lapha. Kukhona futhi owaziwayo olwandle olujulile olwandle olwandle lwase-Atlantic (kukhona 3 kubo). Ngokuqondene namaNdiya, kunokucindezeleka okukodwa kuphela.

Ukujula kwamanzi okugwedla kakhulu kunamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. ZisePacific Ocean, okuyinto endala kunazo zonke. I-Mariana Trench (ebalazweni okukhulunywe ngenhla), umzila ojulile wabaziwa, ukhona lapha. "Isithunzi sika-Challenger sika" yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi iphuzu layo elijulile. Ukujula kwalo kungamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11. Lezi zinkinga zathola igama layo eMariana Islands, esiseduze nayo.

Umlando wesifundo seMariana Trench

Ososayensi baqala ukuhlola le nto kusukela ngo-1875. Ngaleso sikhathi i-Challenger, i-corvette yaseBrithani, yanciphisa inqwaba yamanzi emanzi, okuyinto eyenza ukuthi ukujula kwayo kwakuyizi-8,367 m. IsiNgisi ngo-1951 saphinda sasihlangenwe nakho kwabo, kodwa manje sasebenzisa i-echo sounder. Ukujula okuphezulu, okwakunqume, kwakungamamitha angu-10,863. Uphawu olusha lulotshwe ngo-1957. Kwasungulwa ukuhambela kweRussia, eya emgodini emkhunjini "Knight". Irekhodi elisha laliyi-11 023 m. Muva nje, ngo-1995 no-2011, kwenziwa izifundo ezibonisa imiphumela elandelayo - 10 920 kanye no-10 994 m ngokulandelanayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukujula kweMariana Trench kukhulu nakakhulu.