Izinhlobo zezitshalo: uhlu (3 ekilasini). Izinhlobo zezitshalo zangaphakathi: uhlu, isithombe

Umhlaba wezitshalo weplanethi uhlukile kakhulu. Isayensi eyihlola ibizwa ngokuthi i-botany. Izingane ziqala ukuyifunda esikoleni samabanga aphansi.

I-Botany yisayensi yesistimu evumela ukuthi sikwazi ukucabangela isakhiwo esinqumayo sezwe lesitshalo, sihlukanise emibusweni, eminyangweni, emakilasi, emiyalweni, emindenini nasezinhlobonhlobo. Lesi sakhiwo sibhekwa ngokuthi sinobuchwepheshe. Ukwakhiwa kwesimiso esivumelanayo somhlaba wesitshalo, isigaba saso senziwa amakhulu eminyaka. Umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlelwa kwezitshalo wenziwa nguCarl Linnaeus. Umsebenzi wethu ukucabangela izinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo (uhlu). Ibanga lesi-3 lesikoleni samabanga aphansi - yisikhathi lapho izingane zifunda khona ngentshiseko i-botany. Ezincwadini zokufunda ohlelweni lwemfundo jikelele, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zinikwe:

• I-Algae;
• Mossy;
• AmaFerns;
• Coniferous;
• Izimbali.

Amaqembu amakhulu ezitshalo

Ukwahlula okungenhla kwezitshalo zibe ngamaqembu kungenxa yezici zendawo yokuhlala, isakhiwo, izindlela zokukhiqiza. Iqembu ngalinye elibhekwa ngezansi lihlwanyela izinhlobo zezilwane ezimele futhi.

I-Algae yizinto eziphilayo ezingenazimpande, amaqabunga, iziqu. Indawo yabo eyinhloko amanzi. Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo ze-algae lingaphakathi kwezinkulungwane ezingu-35. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-algae:

• Ama-macrophyte aseMarine: i-Elodea yaseCanada, i-American Valliseries;
• I-algae eluhlaza: chlamydomonada, chlorella, miracleaster, kowlerpa, kladofora;
• I-algae ye-flagellate: i-euglena eluhlaza, i-ficus, i-nocturnal, i-dinofizis norwegian, i-peridinella, i-propocentrum encane;
• I-algae ebomvu: i-moss yase-Ireland, i-barbed ekhona, i-porphyry lanceolate, i-gigartine, i-phyllophora, i-polyneur;
• Ama-brown algae: i-fucus, i-spongesia palmoid, i-macrocystis, i-sargassum, i-laminaria, i-cystoseira.

Imisipha yizitshalo ezinesitshalo namaqabunga, kodwa awunayo impande. Ukukhiqizwa kwabo kusetshenziswa izinhlamvu. Imisipha ikhula ezindaweni ezikuthunzi, eduze kwamanzi, ngezinye izikhathi emanzini. Kuphelele, kunezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-5000 zalolu hlobo.

Ama-Ferns yizitshalo ezinezimpande, ama-stem namaqabunga. Ziyakhula ezindaweni ezinomthunzi ngezinga eliphakeme lokuswakama. Ukukhiqizwa - ngamaphuzu. Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo ze-fern yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye. Nazi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-fern: izinyoni ezivamile, ezibucayi, i-osmunda ezibukhosini, i-salvinia ezintantayo, i-azolla carolina, i-female cohort, isihlangu sabantu, insikazi esenyakatho, i-medina scabbina, ukhozi ovamile.

Coniferous. Izimila ezikhulayo emahlathini, zinezimpande, ziqala. Isici esikhethekile sama-conifers ukutholakala kwezinaliti. Kuphelele kukhona izinhlobo ezingu-600 zezitshalo ze-coniferous. Ake sithi abanye: iphayini, i-spruce, i-fir, imisedari, umjunipha, i-thuja, yew.

Izimbali. Izimila ezinezimpande, iziqu, iqabunga, imbali kanye nezithelo. Zihlanganisa izihlahla, izihlahla kanye nohlaza. Ngokucabangela ukuhlukahluka kwezimila zezimbali, inani lezinhlobo lidlula amagama ayizinkulungwane ezingu-350. Nazi ezinye zazo: i-poplar, i-acacia, i-peony, i-rose, i-dandelion, i-hawthorn, i-jasmine, i-quince, i-weigel, i-hibiscus, i-cedar grass, i-beetle engenalutho, u-timothy utshani, i-foxtail, i-pike, i-whitefish, ukolweni, i-millet, ummbila, i-white, i-dope.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo. Faka ohlwini eRussia

Endaweni ngayinye kunezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo, uhlu oluzokhuluma ngalo. Izimo ezishisayo, ukumbozwa kwenhlabathi, izici zomlando, imisebenzi yabantu yizici ezithinta ukungafani kwezwe lesitshalo lohlobo lwemvelo. Zonke lezi zici zidinga ukucatshangelwa ngokubanzi.

Cabanga ngezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezimbali zeRussian Federation. Uma sicabangela ubukhulu bendawo, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo eRussia, ngasinye esichazwa yizihlobo ezithile zezitshalo. Uhlu (ibanga lesi-3 lesikole semfundo ejwayelekile) lungatholakala futhi encwadini ebhodini.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitshalo eRussia zihlanganisa:

• Uhlobo lwe-Tundra, abameleli abakhulu bezitshalo ezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-jagel, i-cowberry, isithombo samanzi, u-partridge utshani, i-cassiopeia, i-birch encane, i-polar willow, i-polar poppy, i-arctic meadow utshani;
• Uhlobo lwehlathi, olumelelwa ngesi-spruce, i-fir, imisedari, i-pine, i-birch, i-oki, i-maple;
• Uhlobo lwe-Steppe, olubhekiswe ekukhuleni kwezimila utshani;
• Uhlobo lwehlane, abamele izitshalo babe ngumhlonyane kanye nosawoti;
• Uhlobo lwesimila, izimila zazo ezimelelwa yizilwane ezinomsoco ezinomsoco: i-buttercup ehamba ngezinyoni, i-moth yensimu, utshani obugobile, i-foadgrass, i- cedar grass, i-dandelion, i-linen, i-carp.
• Uhlobo lwe-Marsh, olubhekene nezitshalo ezinomswakama.

I-"pallet" yemifino yaseRussia, njengoba sibona, inkulu kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, izinhlobo zezitshalo, uhlu oluqala ukubaluleka, ngokwemibandela yokwanda landa ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, kodwa ezindaweni ezikude zinciphisa ngenxa yokoma kwesimo sezulu, kusukela ezintabeni kuya ezintabeni zanda.

Ukulima kwezitshalo

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izitshalo zomhlaba zithuthukile ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqondile komuntu, ngokulandelana, zonke izimbali kanye nohlaza kwakusendle. Ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kunqume isidingo sokuba ahlakulele umhlaba futhi akhule izitshalo ngezidingo zakhe siqu. Ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi wabantu, izitshalo zashintsha, zathola izici ezintsha. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zamasiko zavela ukuthi, kusukela esiLatini, kusho "ukulima", "ukucutshungulwa" izitshalo ezitshalwe ukuze zikhiqize ukudla, imithi, ifolishi, njll. Isici esiyinhloko esivela kuzo izitshalo ezitshalwe ukuthi zikhulile kungakhathaliseki indawo Futhi abakwazi ukukhiqiza ngokwabo.

Namuhla, amasimu amaningi amasiko atholakala ezitshalweni zasendle ngokuzalanisa noma ubuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo. Izimbali nezihlahla zenkambiso zihlukaniswa zibe okusanhlamvu, ukugcoba, imifino, izithelo, ukuhlobisa. Cabanga ngezitshalo zamasiko, uhlu lwezinto eziphilayo.

• Izitshalo zommbila yizindawo zokutshala, okuwumkhiqizo oyinhloko okuyizinhlamvu, okusetshenziselwa njengomkhiqizo wokudla, izinto zokusetshenziswa zemboni, ukudla kwezilwane. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitshalo zokudla okusanhlamvu yi-wheat, i-rye, ibhali, ama-oats, irayisi, i-millet, amabele, i-buckwheat.
• Izitshalo ezitshaliwe yizo ezivela kuzo i-fibre embonini yezembatho. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezitshalo zokupenda: ifilakisi, ama dolgunets, ukotini, i-jute, i-hemp, i-kapok, i-kenaf, i-crotalia, i-sisal, i-fukreya.
• Izitshalo zemifino zitshalwe ukukhiqiza izithelo. Abamele abakhulu: utamatisi, pepper, isitshalo seqanda, physalis, iklabishi, kohlrabi, amanzi, i-radish, ithanga, ikhabe, ikhabe, ikhukhamba, izaqathe, beet, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, u-anyanisi, i-garlic.
• Izitshalo zezithelo izitshalo ezithela izithelo. Zilezi: i-orange, i-lemon, i-grapefruit, i-banana, i-avocado, imango, igromegranate, amagilebhisi, ama-alimondi, inhlanzi yesihlahla sikakhukhunathi, umnqumo, isitibhele, ugqumugqumu, i-currant.
• Izitshalo ezihlobisa izitshalo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa nokugqoka amakamelo, izindawo zokuphumula zomuntu. Izinhlobo zezitshalo zokuhlobisa ziyi: acacia, barberry, magnolia, lilac, thuja, boxwood, juniper, rose, peony, carnation.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhangayo kunazo zonke izimila zezitshalo. Uhlu, izithombe zezibonelo zingabonakala encwadini yesikole. Lokhu kufaka phakathi nezimbali zasekhaya.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo (uhlu lwezitshalo zendlu endlini) zibandakanya futhi zifana nomuthi. Ngezansi, i-subspecies eyinhloko yezitshalo zokuhlobisa izochazwa.

Izitshalo ezifana nezitshalo

Lezi zitshalo zide, zincanyana, zincanyana nezinqwaba zamaqabunga eziqoqwe. Lokhu kubandakanya abamele abanjenge-ayr isikhutha, i-shining arundinaria, i-ophiopoda yaseJapane, i-chlorophytum, i-bilberries drooping, i-wallota enhle, i-thallandsia encane.

Kunezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo zangaphakathi. Uhlu luzovela ngezansi.

Izitshalo ezihlaza

Bush izitshalo yizihlahla ezitshalo ezikhula. Izinhlobo ziyi-peperomy, i-aucuba yaseJapane, i-achymene, i-begonia, i-hypocorticum i-naked, i-koleus, i-arrowroot, i-pilea.

Izimila ezinomile ziyiziqu

Izimila ezineziqu eziqinile ziba neziqu eziqondile ezikhula ngokuqinile emgodini oqondile, onokuphakama okuhlukile. Abamele: i-glue arthritis, i-Strausa glue, i-Noctoktus, i-leninghaus, i-trichocereus emhlophe, i-felandra, i-codoeum, i-laurel, i-ficus, i-bokarneya, i-diffenbachia, i-dracaena, i-pandanus, i-yucca.

I-liana nezitshalo ze-ampelian

I-liana kanye nezitshalo ze-ampel zineziqu ezinomshini oguquguqukayo, ezivumela ukuba zikhule futhi zibe yinto yokuhlobisa. Abamele: ivy, scindapsus, ficus, fittonia, spinner, columbine, zigacactus.

Izitshalo zeRosette

Izitshalo zeRosette zineziqu ezincishisiwe, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni ama-internodes futhi kuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwamagqabi ahlukanisiwe eduze kwelinye iphuzu. Ubukhulu bezitshalo ezinjalo azibalulekile. Abamele: i-gloxinia, i-primula, i-saintpolia (u-Uzumbara violet), ukuphahla okuncane.

Izitshalo eziphephile

Izitshalo ezinomphetho zibhekene nokuntuleka kwamaqabunga kanye nesimo esiyingqayizivele sesiqu. Okokuqala, zifaka i-cacti. Izibonelo zezitshalo ezifana nalezi: astrophytum, mammillaria, parody, rebecia, ferocactus, Grisons echinocactus.