Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali sulphur

Sulphur - lalivamile ngokwemvelo chemical isici (okuqukethwe nesithupha e ungqimba lomhlaba eyesithupha - emanzini zemvelo). Kukhona zombili sulphur bomdabu (khulula isimo elementi) futhi ukuxhumana kwayo.

Sulphur ngokwemvelo

Phakathi ebaluleke kakhulu sulphur yemvelo amaminerali kungenziwa ngokuthi yensimbi pyrite, sphalerite, Galena, cinnabar, stibnite. Izilwandle equkethwe ikakhulukazi ngesimo calcium sulphate, magnesium kanye sodium okubangela rigidity yamanzi engokwemvelo.

Kanjani ukuze uthole nesibabule?

Isizinda of sulphur ore ezivezwa izindlela ezahlukene. Indlela eyinhloko sulphur kuyinto sokuncibilikisa yayo ngqo in situ.

Vula indlela izimayini kuhilela ukusetshenziswa abembayo, nokususa udoti idwala izingqimba ezimboze ore sulfuric. Ngemva nokuqeda Ukuvutha ore umphetho ziqondiswe seroplavilny yabo isitshalo.

Ngo umkhakha, nesibabule etholwe njengoba ovela eceleni izinqubo e amaziko ukuze ukuncibilika, ngesikhathi yokucwenga. Izinto eziningi ezinkulu, kuba khona kunoma igesi yemvelo (ifomu le-sulfur dioxide noma kuyi-hydrogen sulfide), isizinda okuyinto imali kwi ezindongeni imishini esetshenziswa. igesi Ukuvaleleka kusukela sulphur isetshenziswa esihle chemical umkhakha njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa for ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.

Lokhu kwaziswa ingalungiswa kusukela yemvelo ne-sulfur dioxide. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa indlela Claus. Siqukethe ekusebenziseni "sulphur imigodi" lapho kukhona degassing nesibabule. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka sulphur Ushintshe kabanzi emsebenzini wokukhiqiza asphalt.

Basic allotropic ukuguqulwa sulphur

Sulphur allotropy esingokwemvelo. Inani elikhulu zokuguqulwa allotropic. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke yizona orthorhombic (crystalline), monoclinic (inaliti) nesibabule plastic. Eyokuqala ukulungiswa ezimbili izinze, eyesithathu ngesikhathi solidification is iguqulwe ibe rhombic.

Izakhiwo agcwele sulphur

Ama-molecule orthorhombic (α-S) kanye monoclinic (β-S) aqukethe zokuguqulwa 8 ama-athomu nesibabule, okungukufa axhunyiwe ku-loop avaliwe ngezibopho olulodwa covalent.

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, i-sulphur has a ukuguqulwa rhombic. Kuyinto crystalline ophuzi okuqinile nge kwabantu of 2,07 g / cm ^3. Lincibilike at 113 ° C. Monoclinic sulphur ukuminyana is 1,96 g / cm ^3, ukuncibilika lokushisa salo 119,3 ° C.

Lapho encibilika sulphur ukwenyuka ivolumu bese uba uketshezi ophuzi okuyinto uphendulela brown at 160 ° C futhi iguqulwe ibe viscous amnyama mass brown phezu ukufinyelela mayelana 190 ° C. Emazingeni ezingaphezulu kwaleli nani viscosity sulphur incipha. Lapho sengineminyaka engaba ngu-300 ° C futhi iba ketshezi isimo flowable. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo Ukushisa polymerized sulphur, ne lokushisa ziyanda ziyanda chain ubude. Futhi lapho ukubaluleka izinga lokushisa phezu 190 ° C kukhona ukubhujiswa amayunithi polymerized.

Lapho lwaluyophola sulphur ncibilika ngokwemvelo kwakheka crucibles cylindrical okuthiwa yinhlama sulphur - zinhlayiya rhombic of Ubukhulu ezinkulu, ngokuba isimo osontekile octahedrons nge ngokwengxenye "usike" emaphethelweni noma emakhoneni.

Uma into oyifundayo oncibilikisiwe is phansi eqeda (isib ngokusebenzisa amanzi abandayo), kungenzeka ukuthola sulphur plastic, kuyinto 'azithathe rubbery mass onsundu ngokuphaphathekile noma abe nombala obomvu, nge kwabantu of 2,046 g / cm ^3. Lokhu ukuguqulwa, ngokungafani orthorhombic futhi monoclinic ingahlalisekanga. Kancane kancane (phezu amahora ambalwa), lishintsha umbala ophuzi, iba ziyaqothuka bese ephenduka ibe rhombic.

Lapho umnkantsha sulphur umusi (kushisa kakhulu) liquid nitrogen amafomu purpurea ukuguqulwa salo, esiwulwazi esigculisayo okushisa angaphansi lokususa 80 ° C.

Lesi sangoma aqueous kuyinto cishe sulphur zingaxazululeki. Nokho-ke libhekene solubility okuhle ezihogelwayo. umqhubi Ukungalwazi ugesi nokushisa.

I abilayo sulphur kuyinto 444,6 ° C. inqubo ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwama-intuthu orange-yellow ehlanganisa ngokuyinhloko S ₈ molecule okuyinto Nqamula phezu Ukushisa okwalandela, kuphumele kumiswa yakhoibrium Abilayo yakha S _6, S ₄ futhi S _2. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho evuthayo ubola molecule esikhulu, futhi izohlala ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla degrees 900 ngazimbili aqukethe ngokuyisisekelo S ₂ molecule _Nqamula ku-athomu omoya-at 1500 ° C.

Yini has a izakhiwo sulphur chemical?

Sulphur kuyinto ejwayelekile ze-non-metal. Amakhemikhali asebenzayo. Namachibi - ukunciphisa izakhiwo sulphur ziboniswa maqondana sebuningini izakhi. Lapho ukufuthelana, kungashiwo exhunywe kalula cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye, echaza khona layo esiyisibopho imikhando metallic. Ukukhethwa kuyinto Pt, Au, mina _2, N ₂ bese kuthi amagesi ezingavamile. Namachibi esizibonakalisa e nesibabule ezibangela, -2, +4, +6.

Izakhiwo nesibabule nomoya-mpilo kubangele amandla omlilo yayo emoyeni. Waba yini umphumela walesi nokuxhumana Ukwakheka kwe-sulphur dioxide (SO ₂₎ nesibabule _{(3 SO)} anhydrides ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla acid sulfurous futhi sulfuric.

Ekamelweni lokushisa, izakhiwo sulphur ukunciphisa ziyabonakala kuphela maqondana sasekhaya ekusabeleni esiyingxenye sulphur hexafluoride :

• S + 3F ₂ = SF _6.

Lapho Ukushisa (endaweni ncibilika) is asabela ngayo chlorine, i-phosphorus, i-silicon carbon. Ukusabela ne-hydrogen sulfide amafomu hydrogen kwalokho sulfane kuhlanganiswe jikelele ifomula H ₂ S _H.

Oxidative izakhiwo waphawula sulphur ukusabela ezisansimbi. Kwezinye izimo, umuntu bangase bazibone impela aphendule ngamazwi aqatha. Ukuxhumana metal sulfides kwakhiwa (sulphur compounds) kanye polysulfides (mnogosernistye izinsimbi).

Ukushisa isikhathi eside ukuxubana acid eqinile, oxidants, lapho oxidized.

Ngokulandelayo, cabanga izakhiwo eziyisisekelo sulphur compounds.

sulphur dioxide

Sulphur oxide (IV), okubhekiselwa kuzo nangokuthi i-sulphur dioxide kanye anhydride sulfurous, iyinhlangano igesi (kungenambala) nge iphunga ebukhali angafi. It uvame ukuba kuncibilike ngaphansi kwengcindezi emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. SO ₂ kuyinto oxide ene-asidi. It elinesimo solubility amanzi okuhle. Lokhu kwakha ababuthakathaka, engazinzile sulfurous acid, ongagcini kuphela isixazululo aqueous. Ukusabela-sulfur dioxide ne sulfites alikhali kwakhiwa.

It has kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu umsebenzi zamakhemikhali. evelele kakhulu kukhona izakhiwo ukunciphisa chemical sulphur oxide (IV). ukusabela okunjalo ahambisana ukwanda degree of sulphur namachibi.

Oxidative nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali wabonakaliswa sulphur oxide ebukhoneni ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni (isib i-carbon monoxide).

sulphur trioxide

Sulphur trioxide (sulphur dioxide) - oxide eliphakeme sulphur (VI). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, iwuketshezi oluyingozi kungekho nto enemibala emihle kokuba iphunga angafi. It uvame ukuba iqhwa ashisa amagugu ngaphansana 16.9 degrees. Kulokhu, ingxube ezahlukene crystal ukulungiswa esiqinile sulphur trioxide. High sulphur oxide izakhiwo hygroscopic kubangele "dymlenie" yayo nemibandela umoya onomswakama. Ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka sulfuric acid amaconsi.

hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide kuyinto kanambambili chemical kwakwakhe hydrogen nesibabule. H ₂ S - kuyinto igesi enobuthi kungekho nto enemibala emihle, izici isici okuyizinto bumnandi kanye nephunga amaqanda ebolile. Lincibilike ezingeni lokushisa lokususa 86 ° C namathumba at -60 ° C. Thermally engazinzile. Ngezinye lokushisa uyakwazisa ephakeme kuka-400 ° C kubangela noqhekeko we sulfide hydrogen ukuze S futhi H _2. It libhekene solubility okuhle ethanol. Amanzi ancibilikisa kabi. Ngenxa yalokho enkulu yokuchitheka emanzini yakha hydrogen sulfide asidi. Hydrogen sulfide eyisidalwa esinenkululeko eqinile ukunciphisa.

Oluvuthayo. Ngo amandla omlilo yayo emoyeni bangase bazibone ilangabi okwesibhakabhaka. Ngo lokuhlala eliphezulu kungaba ukuxubana izinsimbi eziningi.

sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (H _{2 4 SO)} kungaba lokuhlala ezihlukahlukene nobumsulwa. Isimo anhydrous uketshezi oily kungekho nto enemibala emihle abangenalo iphunga.

izinga lokushisa lapho izidakamizwa is bhotela, 10 ° C. abilayo kuyinto 296 ° C. Amanzi ancibilikisa kahle. Lapho siphela sulfuric acid hydrates akhiwa, nge semali ukushisa. I ukuvala abacaphuni izisombululo aqueous ukucindezela 760 mm HG. Art. ngaphezu kuka-100s ° C. Ukwandisa abilayo kwenzeka nge okwandisa acid okuhlushwa.

I izakhiwo asidi impahla avele ukuxhumana oxides eziyisisekelo lezisekelo. H ₂ SO ₄ kuyinto diacid, ngaleyo ndlela ungakwazi akha njengoba sulfate (nosawoti naphakathi) kanye hydrosulfates (usawoti esidi), eziningi zazo yilezi oncibilikayo emanzini.

Lokhu ibonakala kahle kakhulu lapho izakhiwo sulfuric acid eyingozi redox. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indlela yokwakheka H _{2 4} SO at ngezinga eliphakeme sulphur namachibi (6). Njengoba isibonelo kuwukubonakaliswa oxidative izakhiwo sulfuric acid kungaholela ukuphendula ithusi:

• Cu + 2H ₂ SO ₄ = CuSO ₄ + 2H ₂ O + _{2 SO.}

Sulphur: izakhiwo ewusizo

Sulphur liyisici trace kubalulekile ngoba izinto eziphilayo. Kuyinto ingxenye amino acid (methionine futhi cysteine), ama-enzyme kanye amavithamini. Lo msuka ehilelekile kumiswa isakhiwo ephakeme amaprotheni. Inani sulphur lesibopho amakhemikhali eziqukethwe amaprotheni, kuyinto ngesilinganiso kusuka 0.8 kuya 2.4%. Okuqukethwe sakhi umzimba womuntu owenziwe kahle mayelana 2 amagremu per 1 kg isisindo (okungukuthi, mayelana 0.2% sulphur).

izakhiwo awusizo timphawu trace ayikwazi overestimated. Ukuvikela protoplasm yegazi, i-sulphur iwumsizi asebenzayo emzimbeni ekulweni namagciwane ayingozi. It kuncike nenani ekunqandeni, okungukuthi i-elementi lisiza ekulondolozeni ezingeni layo ezanele. Sulphur nakho kunendima okuyifezayo ekugcineni amazinga evamile Bile lokuhlushwa ezivezwa emzimbeni.

"Ubuhle amaminerali" uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuze alondoloze impilo isikhumba, izinwele nezinzipho. Sulphur yikhono umuntu azalwa nalo ukuvikela umzimba ekulweni izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba negative nomthelela wendawo ezungezile kubantu. Kuyasiza ukubambezela yonke inqubo yokuguga. Sulphur ehlanza umzimba ubuthi futhi ivikela emisebeni, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu manje, ngenxa yesimo kwemvelo zamanje.

amanani ezinganele ka izakhi mkhondo emzimbeni kungaholela ekususweni abampofu ubuthi, amasosha omzimba ongaphakeme nangamandla.

Sulphur - umhlanganyeli photosynthesis amagciwane. Kuyinto ingxenye bacteriochlorophyll ne-hydrogen sulfide - umthombo hydrogen.

Sera: izakhiwo kanye nezicelo umkhakha

I kabanzi kunazo isibabule ukuze ukukhiqiza sulfuric acid. Futhi property le nto uvumele ukusebenzisa kwayo i-iqine injoloba, njengoba fungicide kwezolimo ngisho izidakamizwa (sulphur Colloid). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sulphur isetshenziswa ukwenziwa okufanayo nokwenziwa kwayo pyrotechnic, kuyingxenye ngokwenza izingoma serobitumnyh seroasfalta.