Kwemvelo Chemical: izigaba futhi essence

Inqubo ukuguqulwa eyafezwa isayensi chemistry in the okuthiwa chemical kwemvelo senguquko yenqubo wamavukelambuso okwenzeka ngemva kokuba ama ngendalo 1777 yi-French usosayensi yemvelo Lavoisier omlilo theory echaza indima yomoya-mpilo. Khona-ke waqala ukubuyekeza kuzo zonke imiqondo eyisisekelo nezimiso eziyisisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, useshintshe amagama kanye ngesilwane esifuywayo izidakamizwa.

Yiqiniso aphansi

Unyaka 1789 wabona ukukhululwa incwadi Lavoisier, ngokushesha waba inkomba ukhiye ivulela abacwaningi kanye kwabasebenza isayensi ozalwa. I "aphansi i-chemistry Yiqiniso" bekulokhu kuqala ohlwini emhlabeni - Ithebula zemizimba elula, sibhale izakhi zamakhemikhali ezaziwayo. Ngesisekelo le Tome Lavoisier amanga ngokunembile-mpilo imfundiso yokuziphendukela amandla omlilo, lapho ukuvela chemical wayeqondiswa indlela entsha ngokuphelele. Abantu yibona ababaluleke kakhulu encazelweni - isipiliyoni, okuyikhona usosayensi bese kuqokwa umbandela main, futhi konke is hhayi ukuqinisekisile ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho, ezifana i-athomu noma ukwakheka kwama-molecule, Lavoisier obungazange uyicabange.

kwemvelo Chemical usephendukele ngokusebenzisa imithetho ukuthi zavela - ukongiwa mass, ebabuza property compounds, khona ukungaboni kwabo ngaso ukwakheka zokucathula. Yingaleso sikhathi-chemistry isibe isayensi yokuzicabangela, ukutadisha indlela yokwakheka emizimbeni Ucwaningo. Angibange ngisakwazi kwenza ngaphandle kwemvelo amakhemikhali ukuhleleka mayelana nale ndaba, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, isintu ekugcineni ishiywe esidlule alchemical, njengoba imibono mayelana nohlobo ndaba futhi izakhiwo zalo ukushintsha kakhulu futhi ngokushesha. Kodwa Umfutho le nqubo wakhonza ucwaningo Lavoisier. Manje, ngisho nezingane zesikole ukwazi ukuthi izigaba chemical kwemvelo (noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo prebiotic) kufanele kubhekwe kusukela esikhathini ezandulela ukuvela lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalombili, imibono enjalo emhlabeni akekho oseke waba.

ukuphila

kwemvelo Chemical waqala Emhlabeni iplanethi ngokuphelele ezingaphili lapho izidakamizwa organic kancane kancane baqala ukuvela kusuka molecule wezinto ezingaphili, okuyinto ngokukhethekile kuthinte amandla futhi Ukukhetha izici. Eyayembuleka izinqubo self-inhlangano, okuyizinto sici ngisho izinhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi ehambisana. Ngakho, i-carbon Emhlabeni yavela. Kunalokho, kunemigomo carbonaceous-molecule lokuqala zibaluleke kakhulu hhayi kuphela ukubukeka kodwa nezalo ukuqhubeka zonke ndaba ophilayo.

Asazi kuze kube manje, yini luwumgogodla kwemvelo chemical kusaqalwa zokuphila. I-chemistry eyaziwayo iyiphi into kukhawulela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo inqubo imingcele carbon aqueous postulate. Mhlawumbe, endaweni yonke kukhona ongakhetha enye imodi wempilo we eziphilayo ndaba futhi umsuka amaprotheni yethu - akulona nje "indlela yokuphuma '. Kube lagcwaliseka inhlanganisela eliyingqayizivele polymer izakhiwo nge-carbon depolarizing izakhiwo medium aqueous esigabeni ketshezi. Lezi zimo zazanele ukuqala kwemvelo chemical wokuphila kanye nesidingo sokuthuthukisa wonke ezaziwa kithi ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo.

Ukuqala inqubo

Humanity ngisho imbeleko sakhe ukwazi akubona bonke. Ikakhulukazi mayelana kuphi futhi nini ukuqala izigaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo chemical Emhlabeni. Yilokhu thina, futhi, Akekho owaziyo. Lapha, okokuqala, kungase kube ngokuphelele noma nini.

Lapho uqeda umjikelezo we inkanyezi kumiswa yesibili lapho imikhiqizo esiminyene ukuqhuma ka-supernova, okwakunginika interstellar izakhi isikhala ngokuthi esindayo, ogama isisindo idlula ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesithupha. Lapho izinkanyezi esizukulwaneni yesibili letfolakala izinhlelo zabo kwamaplanethi, lapho Izakhi ezisindayo edingekayo bekulokhu isamba elanele. Waqaphela okushiwo kwemvelo chemical ayengakwenza noma ngasiphi isikhathi ngemuva kwe-Big Bang e esingaba iminyaka nesigamu bhiliyoni nengxenye bhiliyoni.

Lapho izinto eziphilayo ezaba khona

Lapho yena eyayingaphakama - futhi umbuzo evulekile. Lapho edala abaningi kungenzeka ngempela kwethulwa chemical izimo ekolyutsii kwenzeka cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo. Lokhu kugcwele namaplanethi, futhi olwandle kanye ebusweni ukujula, ngisho kumiswa protoplanetary efanelekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifu igesi interstellar zingase futhi zibe zithuthukisa kuhlaselwa ophilayo entweni engaphili, futhi waqinisekisa therein izinto eziphilayo Kutholwe - noshukela alcohols, aldehydes, amino acid, glycine kanye namakhono engeziwe ukukhonza njengoba kokuqala impahla ukuphila ngokusebenzisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo chemical waqala.

ithiyori

Umhlaba sidilizwa igcina izimfihlakalo zayo, futhi isintu akusho okwamanje ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana izimo geochemical khona phambi ukuvela ukuphila. ucwaningo Geological angeke ukwanelisa yonke imibuzo, ngakho-ke ukufunda kabanzi abathintekayo astronomy. eyakhelwe Ngakho imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zamakhemikhali. izimo Venusian futhi Mars yanamuhla abhekwa efana Umhlaba emazingeni athile yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zamakhemikhali.

Ukuze asebenzise izindlela kanye ngaleyo ndlela athole yonke idatha eziyisisekelo ezaziwayo. Ngokwesibonelo, usebenzisa sekulingisa ezaqanjwa yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kanye izimo zezulu emkhathini, le hydrosphere, lithosphere yezinhlayiya eziyinkimbinkimbi organic eyatholakala. Ukuthola idatha entsha nge Ukuhlolwa njalo kuyakhiwa kuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono. Ngakho, ke uqokelwe eziningi imicabango mayelana izindlela eziqondile futhi amabutho ukushayela ngqo labetibambile chemical kwemvelo.

Ucwaningo e-Russia

Ukuphila Emhlabeni kwamiswa ngokusebenzisa abiogenesis, okungukuthi, ukuzalwa organic compounds kabani khona sici izilwane zasendle ngale umzimba futhi ngaphandle iqhaza kancane enzyme. Lena esigabeni sokuqala, uma kukhona fudumele nezingaphili.

Ngu hypothesis Oparin zezemfundo ku eko kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izixazululo compounds ephezulu yamangqamuzana bayakwazi ukwakha endaweni ethile lapho ingqondo luyanda, kanye noqhekeko phakathi komuntu imvelo bangaphandle akubavimbeli ukuba ukuxhumana nalo. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke ngokuthi coacervates noma amaconsi coacervate.

kwezilwandle

Umsuka zamagama abiotic Kwasetshenziswa emhlabeni bakudala wachitha ngo-1953 godu Stanley Miller, Kuhlanganisa ama-amino acid kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngemva kwalokho wabonakala theory hypercycles echaza ukuphila ngokuhamba kwemvelo amakhemikhali khona ukusabela okhanda amanye amathuba, elandelanayo, lapho umkhiqizo odlule iba kulethe olandelayo.

Kuphela kuqala "protocell" yadalwa 2008 nge isazi sezinto eziphilayo waseMelika ngokusebenzisa emgodleni we-fatty acid kanye lipids bakwazi ukudamane bethola nucleotide monophosphate kusukela imvelo. Lezi isebenze imidazole "izitini" kubalulekile ukuze synthesis DNA. Futhi ngo-2011 eJapane zadalwa vesicles oluxube DNA ngaphansi ulwelwesi cationic, okuyinto bakwazi ukuhlukanisa, njengoba kwaba polirazmernaya chain reaction, le iThrojani efaka isimeli-DNA.

imicabango esemqoka

kwemvelo Chemical lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni hypothesis uchaza amaphuzu alandelayo ayisisekelo.

1. Yisimo livela Emhlabeni noma ezimweni isikhala, lapho kukhona zamagama autocatalytic ugrerodosoderzhaschih amangqamuzana, ne zamagama kumele babe omningi futhi ezihlukahlukene eside, ngokwanele ukuqala inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zamakhemikhali.
2. Izehlo izakhiwo protocellular eliphuma molecule kuchaziwe ngenhla. Lezi lokubolekwa avaliwe esitebeleni behlukene imvelo, amandla exchange of izinto futhi sihamba kubo ngokukhetha. Ngakho lapho isakhiwo protocellular.
3. Amayunithi kwakhiwa kukhona ikhono self-ukuthuthukiswa - self-ukufanisana nokuzihlonipha, ngokuba nezingxabano ukuguqulwa lonke ulwazi amasistimu zamakhemikhali. Ngakho kukhona amayunithi eyisisekelo ikhodi sitholwa njengefa.
4. Esigabeni esilandelayo - budlelwane lobukhona emkhatsini ukubukeka nemisebenzi enzyme property amaprotheni ne-RNA ne-DNA njengoba abathwali idatha. Ngakho ngempela ukhona ikhodi eyifa iyadingeka ukuze kwemvelo.

ukutholakala

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, u-Alexander Oparin emuva eko kwekhulu elidlule wavula coacervates. Okulandelayo Stanley Miller noHarold Urey ngo-1953, wachaza ukuvela emkhathini zasendulo simulating biomolecules elula inqubo nesenzakalo yabo. Okulandelayo Sidney Foks watshela izwe mayelana microspheres ka protenoidov. Ngo-1981, T. futhi S. Ceku Altmane akwazi ukugcina division RNA autocatalytic njengoba ribozymes bayakwazi ukudidiyela ulwazi kanye catalysis e-molecule ye, "bevula" ngokwabo kusukela uchungechunge nokuxhuma asele "imikhawulo".

Ngo-1986, uWilliam Gilbert yaseCambridge athuthukile umqondo "RNA Umhlaba", futhi Gunther von Kidrovski esuka eJalimane ngesikhathi esifanayo yethulwa uhlelo lokuqala self-ukuzandisa esekelwe DNA, okungaba khona umnikelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni izinhlelo self-ukuzandisa, abese ukukhula imisebenzi yabo. Isayensi usephendukele ngokushesha phambili kulesi siqondiso: uManfred Eigen wavula hyperframe, ukuvela ensembles RNA molecule Yuliy Rebek wadala engqamuzaneni lokuqala yokufakelwa ukuthi ukuzilimaza ukuzandisa e chloroform.

Space & Umhlaba

I-Space Flight Centre of NASA Dzhon Korlis wafunda inqubo ukulethwa ngokwethaba eziphethwini ezishisayo wezilwandle amandla futhi amakhemikhali ezenza kwemvelo chemical esizimele imvelo isikhala, futhi namuhla abasibekela archaebacteria kokuqala olwenzeka endaweni unomphela. Ezweni yensimbi sulfides, eziningi imicabango Gunter Vehterskhoyzera.

Wachaza i-self-ukuzandisa izakhiwo umzimba yokuqala yabangela phezu pyrite (yensimbi sulfide), okuyinto wanika amandla adingekayo ukuze ukushintshisana izinto. Ngokuya semboniso nezinto ezibolile pyrite zinhlayiyana ziyakhula ungakwazi futhi ezala, ukudala ezihlukahlukene izakhamuzi. ubumba namaminerali ukuze ukubukeka amangqamuzana angokwemvelo tiphindze eduze wafunda. Nokho, isibonelo esinobunye kwemvelo chemical ayikho, kusukela izimiso eziyisisekelo ukuhamba le nqubo akakabi evulekile.