Iqiniso namanga edrama "Ngaphansi" i-Gorky

UMnuz Gorky wayehlale eheha ubunye nokulwa kwemibhikisho (ngaphandle kwesizathu wayengumMarxist): umphakathi nobuntu, ingcebo nobubha, okuhle nokubi, iqiniso namanga. Emdlalweni othi "Ngezansi" umbhali wakwazi ukukhombisa ngokucacile isisindo esingenakubekezelelwa seqiniso nokusindiswa kwamanga kumuntu obuthakathaka, ophukile. Imisebenzi eminingi yaseRussia emangalisa yabona ukukhanya kungekho ekhaya, kodwa phesheya. Umdlalo othi "Ngezansi" wawungenjalo. UGorky wabhala ngasekupheleni kuka-1901 - ekuqaleni kuka-1902. Amagama okuqala: "Ngaphansi kokuphila", "Ngaphandle kwelanga", "Night-lodge", "Ngezansi."

Lo mdlalo wawuvunyelwe kuphela eMoscow Art Theatre, lapho ukukhiqizwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngoDisemba 18, 1902 ngabaqondisi uStanislavsky noNemirovich-Danchenko. Ngo-1904 wathola umklomelo we-Griboedov.

Izwe lemikhaya

Ngokokuqala ngqá endaweni yesehlakalo kwakukhona abantu "basezansi" - amasela, izifebe, abagembula nezidakwa, lowo umlobi eqoqwe endlini yendlu yangasese.

Isimo esidabukisayo esidonsela amaqhawe akhe uMaxim Gorky - phansi komphakathi kufanele kube sesabekayo: "igumbi elincane elibukeka njengemhumeni," isilonda esindayo esincane, "ifenisha engenasici" engcolile. Yiqiniso, kukhona ukungcola, ukudakwa, ukugembula, ukulwa, izingxabano ezingapheli, ubumpofu nokungakhathaleli. Umlobi akasigodli ukupenda okumnyama - amaqhawe omsebenzi awekho ngendlela ephansi kunendawo yokuhlala.

Izakhamuzi ze "ezansi"

Kule ndlu ehlala endlini ehlala isela elincane, uMnumzana uNastya, ohlonishwayo (baron), ohlala e-akhawuntini kaNastin, i-locksmith Ticks nomkakhe oshona, umlutha wokudakwa, umculi we-card-gossip, i-Bubnov cap nabanye, ukufanisa lokho okushiwo. Iqukethe lokhu ku-stash okuhaha futhi okuyizonyanya ekuzinikeleni kwayo okunamandla Kostylev, ngokuqiniseka ngobuqotho ukuthi "umusa wenhliziyo awukwazi ukulingana nemali." Ngakho-ke, usika izikhumba ezintathu ezivakashi zakhe ezihluphekile ukuze zithenge i-oli lesibani. Kungashiwo ukuthi uGorky kule drama wadala isitayela "somnyama" - noma kunjalo, amadrama amaningi aseRussia isono ngokuphelelwa ithemba okungapheli.

Ekuqaleni, abalingiswa balo mdlalo baphikisana ngokungapheli ngezihloko zansuku zonke - uBaron akafuni ukuphindiselela ekamelweni, bese u-Tick snaps ekumangalelweni komfazi ogulayo, bese umthengisi uKvashnya ekhuluma ngokuhlakanipha komshado. Lapho uLuka ekhulile esevela endlini, izingxoxo zakhe ezivame ukuzuza ukuphenduka kwefilosofi. Yilapho iqiniso kanye namanga emdlalweni "Ngaphansi" empeleni kudlalwa.

Umkhondo wobuKristu emsebenzini

Lesi sihambeli sihluke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo ze "Kostilev choruses" ngokuthi ligcina isintu esiyisisekelo. Abanye abagxeki bathi uLuka ungumuntu ongekho emthethweni, futhi igama lakhe livela "omubi". Kodwa ngokusobala, lokhu akunjalo: ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye namashumi amabili. I-Gorky yayiyinkimbinkimbi yombono wokwakha uNkulunkulu, owazama ukuvumelanisa uMarxism nobuKrestu, ngokusekelwe ekufaneni kwefilosofi.

Iqiniso namanga emdlalweni othi "Ngezansi" yizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezithintekayo emfanekisweni kaLuka, ofana nomlingiswa wevangeli. Imicabango yakhe ingumKristu kakhulu: uzama ngempela ukududuza abalilayo (futhi, mhlawumbe, kule Gorky futhi ubona inhloso eyinhloko yenkolo). Le ndoda endala iduduza u-Anna ofa, ezwela ngomusa indaba yothando kaNastya, isifebe, etshela umlingisi ophuza utshwala ngesibhedlela, lapho ezokwelashwa khona, uqinisekise uVaska isela ukuba aye eSiberia futhi aqale impilo entsha ekhona lapho.

ULuka ukholelwa ukuthi ithemba elilahlekile lizobhujiswa, futhi litshela umzekeliso ngomuntu ophupha ngokuya "ezweni elungile" konke ukuphila kwakhe. Uma ezwa ukuthi ayikho, u-hang up (umlingisi-utshwala olahlekelwe ukholo lwakhe ekuphulukeleni ugcina ngendlela efanayo, eqinisweni, umdlalo weGorky uphela).

Ngakho konke okufanayo: kuyiqiniso noma kuyiqiniso? Inhlonipho noma isihawu?

Ayaziwa ukuthi ngabe umbhali uveza ngethemba ngenkohliso, ngaleyo ndlela ephenduka ibe ngamanga, kodwa ngokuqondile kulokhu ukuthi iSatin ingena enhlobonhlobo kaLuka. Ufunde umfana omningi, wabe esebulala indoda, evikela udadewabo, etilongweni wayenomlutha wamakhadi futhi waqala ukuphila ngokukhohlisa. I-Satin iyinkimbinkimbi, ihlakaniphile, ifundiswe. Umbono wakhe kokuthile uhambelana nemibono kaLuka: bobabili bakholelwa ukuthi isikhungo sendawo yonke singumuntu kanye nokuzikhethela kwakhe okukhululekile. Kodwa uma uLuka ebiza ngokuthi "ukuzisola umuntu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi," ngo-Satin, isihawu asamukeleki: "Kumelwe sihloniphe umuntu ... ungamthobezi ngesihawu ...".

Lapho abantu abahlala ndawonye behlambalaza indoda endala ngokuqamba amanga, umgembula ohlakaniphile uyamvikela ngokuzithandela: "Kunabantu abaningi abaqamba amanga ngomakhelwane wabo ... Kukhona amanga aduduzayo, amanga okubuyisana." Yena ngokwakhe, ubheka njengento engalungile, kodwa uyazibona ukuthi akunakwenzeka: "Ubani obuthakathaka emphefumulweni ... futhi ophila ngamanye amajusi ... ngakho amanga adingekayo".

Ukugxekwa kwamabhuku nokuklanywa komlobi

Iqiniso namanga edrama "Ngezansi" ahluke hhayi kuphela kwimibono yamaqhawe. Ukungqubuzana okuyinhloko, njengokujwayelekile, phakathi kwegama nezenzo, umqondo kanye neqiniso. I-Satin ingakhuluma ngendlela ayithandayo ngayo ukuthi umuntu "uzwakala ngokuziqhenya" - yena ngokwakhe, noma kunjalo, akuyona into engaphezu kwekhadi elibukhali elidelela umsebenzi: "Usebenza? Yini? Ukuze ugcwalise? ". Cha, yebo, umuntu kufanele abe "ngenhla ukuzonda." Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza, kuyinkohliso, futhi akuyona ukukopela emakhadini.

Kuhle kakhulu ukuthi manje asikhululekile kwimibono yezenhlalakahle, ukubanjwa kwayo kwakuyiMaxim Gorky. "Ngezansi" - lo mdlalo uthakazelisa futhi ukhululekile, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kufanele ubonakale nje njengesihlonzi somphakathi wezombusazwe. Kungenzeka ukuthi umbhali wazama ukudweba umngcele hhayi kuphela phakathi kweqiniso namanga, kodwa futhi nendoda ezwakala ngokuziqhenya, futhi kulokho okuvela khona ebuhleni bakhe bokuqala akukho lutho oluhlala.

Bheka Kulasha

Omunye wabalingiswa balowo mdlalo uchaza ngokucacile izizathu zokuhlala kwakhe "ezansi": "Njengoba ngiqala ukugcwalisa - konke okuphuzwayo, isikhumba esisodwa sihlala ... Kodwa nokho-ngingumuntu ovilaphayo. Angithandi ukuthanda umsebenzi. "

Esikhathini sokugcina u-Nastya udala lo mkhakha ekugcineni: "... ushaya uthanda i-rub rub ... endaweni ethile emgodini." Lokhu kuzwakala sengathi umqondo ongathandeki kakhulu wokuthi "abantu abangenangqondo" kumele babhujiswe, kodwa bangaduduzwa ngamanga abantu, njengokungathi impilo yomuntu ngamunye ayiyona ize. Kulesi simo, ukufa komdlali, owagcina ekuqapheliseni ukuthi ukhona, kuwuphawu oluphawulekayo.